Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with unfermented and microbially fermented yellow wine lees (YWL) mix on the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of substrate mixtures. Both types consisting of YWL at 400 g/kg were included in the mixtures at different ratios (1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and 0:1, w/w) to replace SBM. Microbial fermentation of YWL did not have a negative impact on gas value (p> .05), increased microbial protein (MCP, p < .01) and in vitro crude protein (CP) digestibility (p < .01), and improved the efficiency of nitrogen utilisation (p < .01). The ratio of YWL replacing SBM had linear and quadratic effects on gas production (GP, p < .01), the rate of GP (p < .01), MCP (p < .01), total volatile fatty acids (VFAs, p < .01), in vitro CP digestibility and efficiency of nitrogen utilisation (p < .01), with the optimal ratio at 1:1. The in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and organic were slightly (p < .01) reduced with the increasing ratio of YWL. Besides, positive associative effects were observed on GP parameters, VFA and MCP at some replacement ratios. Considering the in vitro rumen characteristics and their associative effects, the optimal ratio at which to replace SBM with microbially fermented YWL was indicated to be 1:1. Highlights The in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics performed better with microbially fermented than unfermented yellow wine lees (YWL) replacing soybean meal (SBM). The positive associative effects were observed on gas production parameters, volatile fatty acid and microbial protein at replacing ratio of 1:1. The optimal ratio at which to replace SBM with microbially fermented YWL was 1:1.

中文翻译：

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微生物发酵黄酒糟部分替代豆粕底物混合物的体外瘤胃发酵特性

摘要 本研究旨在评估用未发酵和微生物发酵的黄酒糟 (YWL) 混合物代替豆粕 (SBM) 对底物混合物体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响。由 400 g/kg 的 YWL 组成的两种类型以不同的比例（1:0、1:1、1:2、1:5 和 0:1，w/w）包含在混合物中以替代 SBM。YWL 的微生物发酵对气体值没有负面影响 (p> .05)，增加微生物蛋白 (MCP, p < .01) 和体外粗蛋白 (CP) 消化率 (p < .01)，并提高了氮利用效率 (p < .01)。YWL 替代 SBM 的比例对产气量 (GP, p < .01)、GP (p < .01)、MCP (p < .01)、总挥发性脂肪酸 (VFAs, p < .01), 体外 CP 消化率和氮利用效率 (p < .01)，最佳比例为 1:1。随着 YWL 比例的增加，干物质和有机物的体外消化率略有降低 (p < .01)。此外，在某些替代比率下，观察到对 GP 参数、VFA 和 MCP 的正相关效应。考虑到体外瘤胃特性及其相关效应，微生物发酵YWL替代SBM的最佳比例为1:1。亮点 微生物发酵的体外瘤胃发酵特性优于未发酵的黄酒糟 (YWL) 替代豆粕 (SBM)。在 1:1 的置换比例下观察到对产气参数、挥发性脂肪酸和微生物蛋白质的正相关效应。