Solifugae, also known commonly as sun spiders or camel spiders, are spider-like arachnid predators commonly present in desert and arid environments, though they also occur in forests and grasslands (Punzo 1998a; Brookhart & Cushing 2008). One distinguishing feature of solifuges is their enlarged chelicerae (Fig. 1). Solifuge chelicerae have a wide variety of uses including prey capture, feeding, and food processing (van der Meijden et al. 2012; Bird et al. 2016), fighting (Bird et al. 2016), digging or burrowing (Pocock 1897; Hewitt 1919; Hingston 1925; Muma 1966; CloudsleyThompson 1977; Wharton 1987; Punzo 1998a), mating (holding the female and positioning the spermatophore; Punzo 1998a; Hrušková-Martišová et al. 2010; Bird et al. 2016), and sound production. Species of sun spiders stridulate with their greatly enlarged chelicerae producing what variously has been described as a “hissing”, “rustling”, “screeching”, “harsh grating”, and even a “rattling” sound (Hutton 1843; Bernard 1896; Pocock 1898, 1900; Warburton 1909; Cloudsley-Thompson 1961; Hrušková-Martišová et al. 2008). Despite its wide recognition, most of the published record of sound production in Solifugae remains rather anecdotal, with only a few laboratory, or at least captive, studies recording the stimuli and stridulatory responses (e.g., Cloudsley-Thompson 1961; Hrušková-Martišová et al. 2008). The stridulatory sounds of solifuges have not been well documented with modern recording equipment, and the only rigorous study of stridulatory sounds is that of Hrušková-Martišová et al. (2008) who reported a frequency range of “chirps” of one species of Galeodes from 1 to 20 kHz with a peak at 2.4 kHz, lasting less than 1 sec with an intensity of ~ – 60 to – 75 dB. Clearly, more sound data need to be collected as part of a broader examination of stridulation across Solifugae diversity, and under natural conditions. While it is known from a few (larger) species in Asia and Africa (e.g., CloudsleyThompson 1961; Hrušková-Martišová et al. 2008), stridulatory sound production apparently has not been documented among species in the New World (Punzo 1998a), despite the occurrence of the stridulatory apparatus in them (Bird 2015; Bird et al. 2016). Reportedly stridulation is inaudible to humans for small individuals and species (Punzo 1998a; Hrušková-Martišová et al. 2008). However, all sun spiders have a stridulatory plate, with the presence, absence, size, and morphology of the stridulatory ridges and setae varying across taxonomic groups (Bird 2015; Bird et al. 2016). Despite that variation, the components of the apparatus grow isometrically within individuals, leading to a similarity in sound production across size classes (Hrušková-Martišová et al. 2008). Hewitt (1919) and Lawrence (1937) reported that the stridulatory organ was reduced or absent in diurnal species (or conversely larger in nocturnal species), but Bird et al. (2016) suggest that the supposed reduction should Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 2020 Vol. 32, No. 3, 296–307, https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2019.1691056

中文翻译：

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评估太阳蜘蛛（Arachnida Solifugae）“嘶嘶”声的功能的假设

Solifugae，通常也称为太阳蜘蛛或骆驼蜘蛛，是一种类似蜘蛛的蜘蛛捕食者，通常存在于沙漠和干旱环境中，但它们也出现在森林和草原中（Punzo 1998a；Brookhart & Cushing 2008）。solifuges 的一个显着特征是它们扩大的螯肢（图 1）。Solifuge chelicerae 具有广泛的用途，包括猎物捕获、喂养和食品加工（van der Meijden 等人 2012；Bird 等人 2016）、战斗（Bird 等人 2016）、挖掘或挖洞（Pocock 1897；Hewitt 1919 年；Hingston 1925 年；Muma 1966 年；CloudsleyThompson 1977 年；沃顿商学院 1987 年；Punzo 1998a），交配（握住雌性并定位精囊；Punzo 1998a；Hrušková-Martišová 等人，2016 年）。太阳蜘蛛的种类用它们极大地扩大的螯肢鸣叫，产生各种被描述为“嘶嘶声”、“沙沙声”、“尖叫声”、“刺耳”，甚至“嘎嘎声”的声音（Hutton 1843；Bernard 1896；Pocock 1898, 1900；Warburton 1909；Cloudsley-Thompson 1961；Hrušková-Martišová 等人，2008）。尽管得到了广泛的认可，但大多数已发表的 Solifugae 发声记录仍然是轶事，只有少数实验室或至少是圈养的研究记录了刺激和颤动反应（例如，Cloudsley-Thompson 1961；Hrušková-Martišová 等. 2008）。现代录音设备并没有很好地记录 solifuges 的颤音，对颤音的唯一严格研究是 Hrušková-Martišová 等人的研究。（2008 年）谁报告了一种 Galeodes 的“啁啾”频率范围从 1 到 20 kHz，峰值为 2.4 kHz，持续时间不到 1 秒，强度为 ~ – 60 到 – 75 dB。显然，需要收集更多可靠的数据，作为对 Solifugae 多样性和自然条件下的条纹进行更广泛检查的一部分。虽然从亚洲和非洲的一些（较大的）物种中知道它（例如 CloudsleyThompson 1961；Hrušková-Martišová 等人，2008），但在新世界的物种中显然没有记录到声音的产生（Punzo 1998a），尽管其中出现颤动装置（Bird 2015；Bird et al. 2016）。据报道，对于小个体和物种，人类是听不见鸣叫声的（Punzo 1998a；Hrušková-Martišová 等人，2008 年）。然而，所有的太阳蜘蛛都有一个颤动板，不同分类群中的纹脊和刚毛的存在、缺失、大小和形态各不相同（Bird 2015；Bird 等人，2016）。尽管存在这种差异，但设备的组件在个体内部等距增长，导致不同尺寸级别的声音产生相似（Hrušková-Martišová 等人，2008 年）。Hewitt (1919) 和 Lawrence (1937) 报告说，昼行性物种（或夜间活动性物种更大）的鸣叫器官减少或不存在，但 Bird 等人。(2016) 建议应该减少应该 Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 2020 Vol. 32, No. 3, 296–307, https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2019.1691056 该装置的组件在个体内部等距增长，导致不同尺寸级别的声音产生相似（Hrušková-Martišová 等人，2008 年）。Hewitt (1919) 和 Lawrence (1937) 报告说，昼行性物种（或夜间活动性物种更大）的鸣叫器官减少或不存在，但 Bird 等人。(2016) 建议应该减少应该 Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 2020 Vol. 32, No. 3, 296–307, https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2019.1691056 该装置的组件在个体内部等距增长，导致不同尺寸级别的声音产生相似（Hrušková-Martišová 等人，2008 年）。Hewitt (1919) 和 Lawrence (1937) 报告说，昼行性物种（或夜间活动性物种更大）的鸣叫器官减少或不存在，但伯德等人。(2016) 建议应该减少应该 Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 2020 Vol. 32, No. 3, 296–307, https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2019.1691056 (2016) 建议应该减少应该 Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 2020 Vol. 32, No. 3, 296–307, https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2019.1691056 (2016) 建议应该减少应该 Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 2020 Vol. 32, No. 3, 296–307, https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2019.1691056