The search for new natural insecticides to control the West Nile virus vector, Culex pipiens, and other mosquito species has gained importance in the past two decades. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal and developmental effects of essential oils from Artemisia judaica, Cupressus macrocarpa, Callistemon viminals and Citrus aurantifolia on Cx. pipiens. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and their chemical compositions were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The oils were mainly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes. β–Thujone (49.83%), terpinen-4-ol (20.29%), 1,8-cineole (71.77%) and limonene (40.19%) were the most dominant compounds in A. judaica, Cu. macrocarpa, Ca. viminals and C. aurantifolia oils, respectively. The essential oils exhibited larvicidal activity against Cx. pipiens and their activity improved with increasing the concentration and exposure time. The oils of C. aurantifolia and Cu. macrocarpa were most effective and produced 73.3 and 52.0% mortality at 100 mg/L by the end of larval stage. Meanwhile, the oils induced pupal and adult mortality ranged between 3.33 and 25%. Based on the LC50 values of the total stages mortality, C. aurantifolia oil (LC50 = 13.49 mg/L) was the most active, followed by Cu. macrocarpa (LC50 = 22.93 mg/L) and Ca. viminals (LC50 = 38.69 mg/L). Furthermore, the oils of Cu. macrocarpa and Ca.viminals significantly increased the longevity of larva and pupae, while drastically decreased adult longevity of Cx. pipiens. Additionally, the four essential oils caused pupal and adult malformation and induced abnormalities of stomach and great inhibition in reproduction tracts. This is the first report on developmental and malformative effects of tested essential oils. The results showed that the essential oils demonstrated various bioactivities against Cx. pipiens, suggesting their potential use in insect control programs.

中文翻译：

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四种精油的化学成分和对西尼罗河病毒载体库蚊的死亡率、发育和生理的影响

在过去的二十年里，寻找新的天然杀虫剂来控制西尼罗河病毒载体、库蚊和其他蚊子种类变得越来越重要。因此，目前的研究旨在评估来自蒿属、大果柏、Callistemon viminals 和柑橘属植物的精油对 Cx 的杀虫和发育作用。pipiens。通过水蒸馏提取精油，并通过气相色谱/质谱 (GC/MS) 表征其化学成分。油类主要由单萜烃和氧化单萜组成。β-Thujone (49.83%)、terpinen-4-ol (20.29%)、1,8-桉树脑 (71.77%) 和柠檬烯 (40.19%) 是 A. judaica, Cu 中最主要的化合物。大果树，加利福尼亚州 viminals 和 C. aurantifolia 油，分别。精油表现出对 Cx 的杀幼虫活性。pipiens 及其活性随着浓度和暴露时间的增加而改善。C. aurantifolia 和 Cu 的油。在幼虫期末期，macrocarpa 最有效，在 100 mg/L 时产生 73.3% 和 52.0% 的死亡率。同时，油诱导的蛹和成虫死亡率在 3.33% 到 25% 之间。根据总分期死亡率的 LC50 值，枳壳油 (LC50 = 13.49 mg/L) 的活性最高，其次是 Cu。大果 (LC50 = 22.93 mg/L) 和 Ca。viminals (LC50 = 38.69 毫克/升)。此外，铜油。macrocarpa 和 Ca.viminals 显着增加了幼虫和蛹的寿命，同时显着降低了 Cx 的成虫寿命。pipiens。此外，这四种精油引起蛹和成虫畸形，引起胃异常和生殖道的极大抑制。这是关于测试精油的发育和畸形影响的第一份报告。结果表明，精油对 Cx 表现出各种生物活性。pipiens，表明它们在昆虫控制计划中的潜在用途。