The paper proposes a new perspective in the environmental and resource economics literature by examining innovation (measured by R&D expenditures), FDI (measured by country–country technology transfer), and energy–environment–growth nexus. Using simultaneous equation modelling (SEMs), three econometric functions were formulated for production, energy consumption, and environmental pollution with GDP per capita, energy consumption, and CO₂ emissions (CO₂e) as dependent variables for twenty-four OECD economies for the period 1993 to 2014, respectively. The results failed to support the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the OECD economies. At the same time, a two-way causality was observed between GDP per capita and energy consumption per capita, indicating that the pollution has not yet reached the maximum threshold. Moreover, the results unveiled that fossil-fuel consumption, innovation, and FDI were the primary sources of CO₂e. The paper offers important implications for academics, policymakers, and identifies avenues for future research.

中文翻译：

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经济合作与发展组织区域的创新，外国直接投资（FDI）和能源－污染－增长关系：联立方程建模方法

本文通过研究创新（以研发支出衡量），FDI（以国与国之间的技术转让来衡量）以及能源-环境-增长之间的联系，为环境和资源经济学文献提出了新的观点。使用联立方程模型（SEM），针对人均GDP，能源消耗和CO ₂排放量（CO ₂），对生产，能源消耗和环境污染制定了三个计量经济学函数e）分别作为1993年至2014年期间二十四个经合组织经济体的因变量。结果未能支持经合组织经济体中的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）假设。同时，人均GDP与人均能源消耗之间存在双向因果关系，这表明污染尚未达到最大阈值。此外，结果表明，化石燃料的消耗，创新和外国直接投资是CO ₂ e的主要来源。本文为学者，政策制定者提供了重要的启示，并确定了未来研究的途径。