Tissue reactions and stochastic effects after exposure to ionising radiation are variable between individuals but the factors and mechanisms governing individual responses are not well understood. Individual responses can be measured at different levels of biological organization and using different endpoints following varying doses of radiation, including: cancers, non-cancer diseases and mortality in the whole organism; normal tissue reactions after exposures; and, cellular endpoints such as chromosomal damage and molecular alterations. There is no doubt that many factors influence the responses of people to radiation to different degrees. In addition to the obvious general factors of radiation quality, dose, dose rate and the tissue (sub)volume irradiated, recognized and potential determining factors include age, sex, life style (e.g., smoking, diet, possibly body mass index), environmental factors, genetics and epigenetics, stochastic distribution of cellular events, and systemic comorbidities such as diabetes or viral infections. Genetic factors are commonly thought to be a substantial contributor to individual response to radiation. Apart from a small number of rare monogenic diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia, the inheritance of an abnormally responsive phenotype among a population of healthy individuals does not follow a classical Mendelian inheritance pattern. Rather it is considered to be a multi-factorial, complex trait.

中文翻译：

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人类对电离辐射的个体反应：控制因素和对放射防护的重要性。

暴露于电离辐射后的组织反应和随机效应在个体之间是可变的，但是控制个体反应的因素和机制尚不十分清楚。在不同剂量的辐射后，可以在不同的生物组织水平和不同的终点测量个体反应，包括：癌症，非癌症疾病和整个生物体的死亡率；暴露后的正常组织反应；细胞终点，例如染色体损伤和分子改变。毫无疑问，有许多因素会影响人们对辐射的不同程度的响应。除了辐射质量，剂量，剂量率和被辐射的组织（子）体积等明显的一般因素外，公认的潜在决定因素还包括年龄，性别，生活方式（例如，吸烟，饮食，可能的体重指数），环境因素，遗传学和表观遗传学，细胞事件的随机分布以及全身性合并症，例如糖尿病或病毒感染。通常认为遗传因素是个体对辐射反应的重要因素。除了少数罕见的单基因疾病（例如共济失调毛细血管扩张症）外，健康个体群体中异常反应表型的遗传并不遵循经典的孟德尔遗传模式。相反，它被认为是多因素的，复杂的特征。通常认为遗传因素是个体对辐射反应的重要因素。除了少数罕见的单基因疾病（例如共济失调毛细血管扩张症）外，健康个体群体中异常反应表型的遗传并不遵循经典的孟德尔遗传模式。相反，它被认为是多因素的，复杂的特征。通常认为遗传因素是个体对辐射反应的重要因素。除了少数罕见的单基因疾病（例如共济失调毛细血管扩张症）外，健康个体群体中异常反应表型的遗传并不遵循经典的孟德尔遗传模式。相反，它被认为是多因素的，复杂的特征。