Primate behavior can be responsive to the different ecological pressures associated with different habitats, as well as to the effects of direct and indirect anthropogenic disturbance. The karst forest ecosystem of South Sulawesi (Indonesia) represents one of the few intact forests available for residual populations of the moor macaque, but our understanding of its habitat use is limited. In the present study, this gap in knowledge was addressed by observing the activity and habitat use of two groups of moor macaques and by assessing the suitability of different habitats in the karst forest. Through a fine-scale vegetation analysis of 1 ha of forest in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, we identified the presence of two distinct habitats that differ in terms of forest structure and composition. The karst plain forest (KPF) provided a greater abundance and diversity of food resources than the karst tower forest (KTF). In addition, anthropogenic disturbance was high in the KPF but low in the KTF. Behavioral data collected via group scans indicate that the macaques devoted more time to feeding activities when in the KPF, suggesting an ability to adjust their feeding behavior to meet their nutritional needs. However, the larger of the two groups used the food-rich KPF more than expected, implying that the KTF may represent a valuable refuge for the smaller group, as it is a less risky portion of its home range. The results of this study therefore provide novel information on the ecology of moor macaques and their habitats that can inform conservation planning for remnant populations.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚南苏拉威西岛喀斯特森林中沼泽猕猴 (Macaca maura) 的活动预算、栖息地范围和栖息地利用

灵长类动物的行为可以对与不同栖息地相关的不同生态压力以及直接和间接人为干扰的影响做出反应。南苏拉威西岛（印度尼西亚）的喀斯特森林生态系统是为数不多的可供沼泽猕猴残留种群使用的完整森林之一，但我们对其栖息地用途的了解有限。在本研究中，通过观察两组沼泽猕猴的活动和栖息地利用以及评估喀斯特森林中不同栖息地的适宜性，解决了这一知识差距。通过对 Bantimurung Bulusaraung 国家公园 1 公顷森林的精细植被分析，我们确定存在两种不同的森林结构和组成的不同栖息地。喀斯特平原森林（KPF）比喀斯特塔林（KTF）提供了更丰富和多样性的食物资源。此外，人为干扰在 KPF 中较高，而在 KTF 中较低。通过群体扫描收集的行为数据表明，猕猴在 KPF 中投入更多时间进行摄食活动，这表明它们有能力调整摄食行为以满足营养需求。然而，两个群体中较大的群体使用富含食物的 KPF 比预期的要多，这意味着 KTF 可能是较小群体的宝贵避难所，因为它是其家庭范围内风险较小的部分。因此，这项研究的结果提供了关于沼泽猕猴及其栖息地生态的新信息，可以为残余种群的保护规划提供信息。