In primates, living in an anthropogenic environment can significantly improve an individual’s fitness, which is likely attributed to access to anthropogenic food resources. However, in non-professionally provisioned groups, few studies have examined whether individual attributes, such as dominance rank and sex, affect primates’ ability to access anthropogenic food. Here, we investigated whether rank and sex explain individual differences in the proportion of anthropogenic food consumed by macaques. We observed 319 individuals living in nine urban groups across three macaque species. We used proportion of anthropogenic food in the diet as a proxy of access to those food resources. Males and high-ranking individuals in both sexes had significantly higher proportions of anthropogenic food in their diets than other individuals. We speculate that unequal access to anthropogenic food resources further increases within-group competition, and may limit fitness benefits in an anthropogenic environment to certain individuals.

中文翻译：

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居住在城市居住灵长类动物的个体面临着与生活在人为环境中相关的不平等利益

在灵长类动物中，生活在人为环境中可以显着改善个体的健康状况，这可能归因于获得人为食物资源。然而，在非专业提供的群体中，很少有研究检查个体属性，如优势等级和性别，是否影响灵长类动物获取人为食物的能力。在这里，我们调查了等级和性别是否可以解释猕猴食用的人为食物比例的个体差异。我们观察了 319 个人生活在三个猕猴物种的九个城市群体中。我们使用饮食中人为食物的比例作为获取这些食物资源的代理。男性和高级个体在饮食中的人为食物比例明显高于其他个体。