Orussidae, a small family of parasitoid wasps targeting woodboring insect larvae, are characterized by having the ovipositor apparatus invaginated in the body and operated by a mechanism unique among Hymenoptera. The first and second valvulae when not in use lie in an invaginated ovipositor sack extending forward throughout the abdomen and thorax. During oviposition, the valvulae are extended and retracted by a combination of small median apodemes on the anterior margin of abdominal sterna 3–7 gripping and releasing the ovipositor, and rocking motions of the sterna. Females representing different genera of Orussidae were examined by dissection and SEM, revealing overall similarity of the ovipositor system and its inferred mode of operation in a larger sample across the family, but also variation between genera in the way the ovipositor is accommodated. This includes differences in the prophragma, profurca and the internal part of the mesonotum where the anterior loop of the ovipositor is stored, and the shape of the loop itself which occurs in two configurations: simple hair pin-like bend or whorled, safety pin-like. The former is putatively the plesiomorphic condition in Orussidae, the latter possibly having evolved more than once to accommodate a longer ovipositor. Selected features in the ovipositor apparatus are mapped and discussed in the context of recent phylogenetic hypotheses for the family.

中文翻译：

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从发夹到安全别针：Orussidae 产卵器的进化（昆虫纲：膜翅目）

Orussidae 是一个小型寄生蜂科，以蛀木昆虫幼虫为目标，其特征是产卵器内陷在体内，并通过膜翅目中独特的机制进行操作。第一瓣膜和第二瓣膜在不使用时位于向前延伸穿过腹部和胸部的内陷产卵器袋中。在产卵过程中，通过腹部胸骨 3-7 前缘上的小正中节段抓住和释放产卵器以及胸骨的摇摆运动的组合，瓣膜伸展和收缩。通过解剖和扫描电镜检查了代表 Orussidae 不同属的雌性，揭示了产卵器系统的整体相似性及其在整个家庭的更大样本中推断的操作模式，但在产卵器的适应方式上，属之间也存在差异。这包括存储产卵器前环的前膜、前膜和中膜内部的差异，以及出现两种配置的环本身的形状：简单的发夹状弯曲或螺旋状，安全别针-喜欢。前者被认为是 Orussidae 的拟形条件，后者可能已经进化不止一次以适应更长的产卵器。产卵器中的选定特征在该家族最近的系统发育假设的背景下被绘制和讨论。简单的发夹状弯曲或螺旋状，安全别针状。前者被认为是 Orussidae 的拟形条件，后者可能已经进化不止一次以适应更长的产卵器。产卵器中的选定特征在该家族最近的系统发育假设的背景下被绘制和讨论。简单的发夹状弯曲或螺旋状，安全别针状。前者被认为是 Orussidae 的拟形条件，后者可能已经进化不止一次以适应更长的产卵器。产卵器中的选定特征在该家族最近的系统发育假设的背景下被绘制和讨论。