Cancers are a great threat to humans. In cancer therapy, surgical removal of the tumor combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the most routine treatment procedure and usually the most effective. However, radiotherapy and chemotherapy drugs that kill cancer cells efficiently also kill normal cells, thus exhibiting large side effects. Cancer-targeted drugs, which aim to specifically recognize proteins or signaling pathways associated with tumor proliferation and migration, have achieved marked progress in recent years. Azurin is a copper-containing redox protein secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Azurin and its derived peptide p28 preferentially enter a variety of cancer cells and induce apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. Mechanistic studies revealed that azurin and p28 target the p53 and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways as well as other pathways. Two phase I trials of p28 have been carried out, with findings that p28 is safe and exhibits anticancer activity in both adult and pediatric patients. In this review paper, we provide an up-to-date summary of progress on the anticancer mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for azurin and p28.

中文翻译：

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天青素及其衍生肽p28的抗癌作用。

癌症是对人类的巨大威胁。在癌症治疗中，外科手术切除肿瘤并结合放疗和化学疗法是最常规的治疗方法，通常是最有效的方法。但是，有效杀死癌细胞的放射疗法和化学疗法药物也会杀死正常细胞，因此表现出很大的副作用。近年来，针对癌症的药物旨在特异性识别与肿瘤增殖和迁移相关的蛋白质或信号通路，已经取得了显着进展。Azurin是铜绿假单胞菌分泌的一种含铜的氧化还原蛋白。Azurin及其衍生肽p28优先进入多种癌细胞并诱导凋亡或细胞周期停滞。机理研究表明，天青蛋白和p28靶向p53和受体酪氨酸激酶信号传导途径以及其他途径。已经进行了两项关于p28的I期试验，发现p28是安全的，并且在成人和儿科患者中均表现出抗癌活性。在这篇综述文章中，我们提供了关于天青蛋白和p28的抗癌机制和治疗策略的最新进展摘要。