Urban parks and green areas are increasing globally. However, when hornets (genus Vespa) in particular among wild organisms adapt to and settle in urban green spaces, they are likely to come into conflict with humans. In this study in Cheonan city, South Korea, between April and June 2017, we used hornet traps to capture queen hornets that were awakening from hibernation, and identified the characteristics of these queen hornets. We selected three green types of urban areas, namely a natural-type neighborhood park, a children’s park, and a remnant forest. We analyzed the simple regression between captured queen hornets and time over an eight-week period, as well as the relationship between captured queen hornets and microhabitat variables (including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, canopy openness, elevation, land cover rate, and herbaceous plant cover rate), and green type. Over time, there was a significant increase in the number of Vespa ducalis and Vepsa analis that were late in awakening from hibernation. The number of captured queen hornets was significantly different in urban parks compared with in the remnant forest. However, V. ducalis was as frequently captured in the natural neighborhood park as were other queen hornet species. Some queen hornet species were significantly positively correlated with elevation (Vespa crabro, Vespa mandarinia, V. ducalis), herbaceous plant cover rate (all species of queen hornets), broad-leaved forest (all species of queen hornets), and artificially barren ground (all species of queen hornets) of microhabitat. Different species were affected differently by the microhabitat variables tested. Consequently, we recommend that when urban green spaces are created, design criteria for complex urban parks should aim at ensuring suitability for use by local residents, and for hornet conservation.

中文翻译：

---

影响城市绿化区大黄蜂（黄蜂类）发生和多样性的微生境特征

全球城市公园和绿地面积正在增加。然而，当大黄蜂（学名胡蜂）尤其是在适应并居住在城市绿色空间中的野生生物中，它们很可能与人类发生冲突。在2017年4月至6月于韩国天安市进行的这项研究中，我们使用大黄蜂陷阱捕获了从冬眠中醒来的大黄蜂，并确定了这些大黄蜂的特征。我们选择了三种绿色的市区类型，即自然型邻里公园，儿童公园和残余森林。我们分析了捕获的大黄蜂与八周时间之间的简单回归，以及捕获的大黄蜂与微生境变量（包括归一化植被指数，冠层开放度，海拔，土地覆盖率和草本植物覆盖率）之间的关系。率）和绿色类型。随着时间的推移，Vespa ducalis和Vepsa analis从冬眠中醒来较晚。与残留森林相比，城市公园中捕获的大黄蜂数量明显不同。但是，与其他大黄蜂物种一样，在自然邻里公园中经常捕获到杜鹃花。一些大黄蜂物种与海拔高度呈显着正相关（大黄蜂，大黄蜂，杜鹃）），草本植物覆盖率（所有种类的大黄蜂），阔叶林（所有种类的大黄蜂）和人工贫瘠的土地（所有种类的大黄蜂）都具有微生境。测试的微生境变量对不同物种的影响不同。因此，我们建议在创建城市绿地时，复杂城市公园的设计标准应旨在确保适合当地居民使用和保护大黄蜂。