Stimulant medication and behaviour therapy are the most often applied and accepted treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity-Disorder (ADHD). Here we explore where the non-pharmacological clinical intervention known as neurofeedback (NFB), fits on the continuum of empirically supported treatments, using standard protocols. In this quantitative review we utilized an updated and stricter version of the APA guidelines for rating ‘well-established’ treatments and focused on efficacy and effectiveness using effect-sizes (ES) and remission, with a focus on long-term effects. Efficacy and effectiveness are compared to medication and behaviour therapy using benchmark studies. Only recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as multi-centre randomized controlled trials (RCT’s) will be included. Two meta-analyses confirmed significant efficacy of standard neurofeedback protocols for parent and teacher rated symptoms with a medium effect size, and sustained effects after 6–12 months. Four multicenter RCT’s demonstrated significant superiority to semi-active control groups, with medium-large effect sizes end of treatment or follow-up and remission rates of 32–47%. Effectiveness in open-label studies was confirmed, no signs of publication bias were found and no significant neurofeedback-specific side effects have been reported. Standard neurofeedback protocols in the treatment of ADHD can be concluded to be a well-established treatment with medium to large effect sizes and 32–47% remission rates and sustained effects as assessed after 6–12 months.

中文翻译：

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儿童神经反馈和注意缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）：对证据和拟议指南进行评级。

兴奋剂药物和行为疗法是注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）最常用和接受的治疗方法。在这里，我们使用标准协议探索被称为神经反馈（NFB）的非药物临床干预方法在经验支持的治疗方法中的适用范围。在本定量审查中，我们使用了APA指南的更新且更严格的版本来对“成熟的”治疗进行评级，并使用效应量（ES）和缓解来关注疗效和有效性，重点是长期效应。使用基准研究将疗效和有效性与药物和行为疗法进行比较。仅包括最近的系统评价和荟萃分析以及多中心随机对照试验（RCT）。两项荟萃分析证实了标准的神经反馈方案对于父母和老师评定的症状具有显着的疗效，其影响程度中等，并在6-12个月后持续有效。四个多中心RCT表现出优于半主动对照组的显着优势，治疗结束或随访和缓解率的中大型效应为32％至47％。确认了开放标签研究的有效性，未发现出版偏倚的迹象，也未报告明显的神经反馈特异性副作用。标准的神经反馈治疗ADHD可以被认为是一种行之有效的治疗方法，具有中等至较大的疗效水平，缓解期为6-12个月，缓解率达到32-47％，并具有持续作用。