The application of surface-piercing propeller (SPP) has been widely used in high-speed crafts due to possessing many favorable features. Due to the information gaps in the design of SPP, researchers have made great efforts to conduct hydrodynamic analysis of these propulsion systems. Despite the previous studies, there is still a considerable shortage in literature. In this article, a comprehensive review has been carried out on the experimental, theoretical, and experimental–theoretical studies in the field of SPP to introduce the strengths, limitations, and gaps in the previous research. The results of previous studies have also been presented in the form of benchmarking tables and statistical figures. Investigations have proved the inability of the numerical methods to simulate SPP. In recent years, the most precise methods of analyzing complex flows around SPP have been the computational fluid dynamics methods. The most suitable computational fluid dynamics method is the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes method. Moreover, despite the heavy costs of experiments, the experimental approach is still the most reliable way of understanding the flow phenomena, studying the time-dependent dynamic behavior of propellers, and determining the hydrodynamic coefficients of thrust and torque. It can also serve to develop the numerical methods for comparing the results and reducing the errors of semi-experimental equations. Therefore, one of the primary objectives of future studies will be the comprehensive experimental analysis of various propeller blade profiles considering the effect of the variations of the trailing edge angle and the effects of the parameters influencing SPP, especially the shaft inclination angle.

中文翻译：

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表面穿刺螺旋桨综述：挑战与机遇

穿面螺旋桨（SPP）的应用由于具有许多有利的特点，在高速船中得到了广泛的应用。由于 SPP 设计中的信息空白，研究人员付出了巨大努力来对这些推进系统进行水动力分析。尽管已有研究，但文献仍然相当短缺。在本文中，对 SPP 领域的实验、理论和实验-理论研究进行了全面回顾，以介绍前人研究的优势、局限性和差距。以往研究的结果也以基准表和统计数字的形式呈现。调查已证明数值方法无法模拟 SPP。最近几年，分析 SPP 周围复杂流动的最精确方法是计算流体动力学方法。最合适的计算流体动力学方法是雷诺平均 Navier-Stokes 方法。此外，尽管实验成本高昂，但实验方法仍然是了解流动现象、研究螺旋桨随时间变化的动态行为以及确定推力和扭矩的流体动力系数的最可靠方法。它还可以用于开发用于比较结果和减少半实验方程误差的数值方法。所以，