Accurate modelling of biological tissues has been a significant need for analysis of the human body. In this article, a comprehensive in vitro experimental study has been done on the fresh bovine skeletal muscle before the onset of rigour mortis in order to provide an experimental description of passive skeletal muscle properties in three dimensions. Different situations including various deformation modes, different loading rates and loading directions are tested to consider all features of skeletal muscle behaviour. Based on the nonlinear continuum mechanics, a three-dimensional visco-hyperelastic model is introduced which considers all aspects of skeletal muscle's features such as nonlinear hyperelastic, time-dependent behaviour, anisotropy and quasi-incompressibility. Visco-hyperelastic material constants are obtained for passive behaviour of the muscle based on genetic algorithm optimization method via comparing the theoretical and experimental results. Experiments show that the rate of loading affects the configuration of experimental curves considerably. It could be also concluded that compression-tension asymmetry, as well as anisotropic behaviour, of the muscle is due to fibres orientation. Obtained experimental results help to achieve a better understanding of mechanical properties and nonlinear behaviour of the skeletal muscles.

中文翻译：

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骨骼肌非线性速率依赖性行为的实验研究，以获得被动力学性能。

生物组织的精确建模是人体分析的重要需求。在本文中，已经在僵尸发生之前对新鲜的牛骨骼肌进行了全面的体外实验研究，以提供三维被动骨骼肌特性的实验描述。测试了各种情况，包括各种变形模式，不同的加载速率和加载方向，以考虑骨骼肌行为的所有特征。在非线性连续体力学的基础上，引入了三维粘超弹性模型，该模型考虑了骨骼肌各个方面的特征，如非线性超弹性，随时间变化的行为，各向异性和准不可压缩性。通过将理论和实验结果进行比较，基于遗传算法优化方法，获得了肌肉被动行为的粘超弹性材料常数。实验表明，加载速率会显着影响实验曲线的配置。还可以得出结论，肌肉的压缩-拉伸不对称以及各向异性行为是由于纤维的取向引起的。获得的实验结果有助于更好地了解骨骼肌的机械特性和非线性行为。还可以得出结论，肌肉的压缩-拉伸不对称以及各向异性行为是由于纤维的取向引起的。获得的实验结果有助于更好地了解骨骼肌的机械特性和非线性行为。还可以得出结论，肌肉的压缩-拉伸不对称以及各向异性行为是由于纤维的取向引起的。获得的实验结果有助于更好地了解骨骼肌的机械特性和非线性行为。