Solar photovoltaic is clean and green energy for renewable power generation, which plays a vital role to fulfil the power shortage for any region. Photovoltaic array is quite expensive and has non-linear characteristics. Under varying conditions, it takes much time to give operating curves. Before mount photovoltaic for any application or at any location, there is a vital phase of analysis, modelling, and simulation of the photovoltaic system, which helps to understand the actual behaviour in real conditions. This paper emphasizes on the stepwise procedure of modelling and simulation for the photovoltaic panel, which is proposed to use for the small application. The proposed system provides a reliable, accurate, and simple method to model the photovoltaic system. It takes a flexible solar panel of 180 W as a reference model. The I–V and P–V characteristics are further investigated at different operating conditions such as a variation of irradiance from 1000 to 400 W/m2, variation of temperature from 15 to 70 °C, and vary shunt resistance from higher to low values. The equation-based modelling of the photovoltaic system is built in the MATLAB/Simulink. This methodology allows investigating the photovoltaic system on different operating conditions (varying temperature and irradiance) and physical parameters (ideality factor, series and shunt resistance) along with partial shading effect.

中文翻译：

---

基于方程的综合光伏组件设计，以研究其物理参数和用于小型应用的运行条件

太阳能光伏是可再生能源发电的清洁绿色能源，对解决任何地区的电力短缺起着至关重要的作用。光伏阵列相当昂贵并且具有非线性特性。在不同的条件下，给出操作曲线需要很多时间。在为任何应用或任何位置安装光伏之前，有一个光伏系统的分析、建模和仿真的重要阶段，这有助于了解真实条件下的实际行为。本文重点介绍了光伏电池板建模和仿真的逐步过程，建议用于小型应用。所提出的系统提供了一种可靠、准确和简单的方法来模拟光伏系统。它以 180 W 的柔性太阳能电池板作为参考模型。进一步研究了不同工作条件下的 I-V 和 P-V 特性，例如辐照度从 1000 到 400 W/m2 的变化，温度从 15 到 70°C 的变化，以及分流电阻从高值到低值的变化。光伏系统的基于方程的建模是在 MATLAB/Simulink 中构建的。这种方法允许在不同的操作条件（不同的温度和辐照度）和物理参数（理想因子、串联和并联电阻）以及部分遮蔽效应下研究光伏系统。光伏系统的基于方程的建模是在 MATLAB/Simulink 中构建的。这种方法允许在不同的操作条件（不同的温度和辐照度）和物理参数（理想因子、串联和并联电阻）以及部分遮蔽效应下研究光伏系统。光伏系统的基于方程的建模是在 MATLAB/Simulink 中构建的。这种方法允许在不同的操作条件（不同的温度和辐照度）和物理参数（理想因子、串联和并联电阻）以及部分遮蔽效应下研究光伏系统。