Japan has many unexcavated tumuli, most of which were buried along with artifacts of precious cultural heritage. For such a tumulus, it is essential to understand how changes in its exterior environment affect its interior environment, and how those interior changes affect the deterioration of the relics buried in the stone chamber. In this study, an underground space was constructed in the forest of the Katsura Campus of Kyoto University to simulate the environment of an unexcavated tumulus, and long-term monitoring was implemented in the simulated stone chamber, including the temperature, humidity, water potential, wetness, and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, along with metal corrosion tests. This article is focused on environmental monitoring, and the results demonstrate that the simulated tumulus has the general characteristics of the hygrothermal environments of an unexcavated tumulus that has small temperature fluctuation and near-saturation humidity. The ceiling of the simulated chamber condensed significantly from October to April, which is related to the variations of the ceiling and floor temperatures. Also, the wetness of the walls in the simulated chamber was affected by rainfall. The oxygen concentration in the simulated stone chamber varied in the range of 13%–19% in 2015, and the variation of carbon dioxide concentration in the simulated stone chamber was contrary to the oxygen concentration and varied in the range of 3%–9% in 2016. The oxygen concentration in the stone chamber was similar to that in the surrounding soil that decreased at times of rainfall, contrary to the fluctuations in the soil water content.

中文翻译：

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未开挖古墓石室环境与埋藏文物保护：第1部分模拟古墓环境监测

日本有许多未挖掘的古墓，其中大部分与珍贵的文化遗产文物一起被埋葬。对于这样的古墓，必须了解其外部环境的变化如何影响其内部环境，以及这些内部变化如何影响埋在石室中的文物的恶化。本研究在京都大学桂校区的森林中建造了一个地下空间来模拟未开挖古墓的环境，并在模拟石室中进行长期监测，包括温度、湿度、水势、湿度、氧气和二氧化碳浓度，以及金属腐蚀测试。本文重点介绍环境监测，结果表明，模拟古墓具有未开挖古墓湿热环境的一般特征，温度波动小，湿度接近饱和。模拟舱房顶从10月到次年4月明显凝结，这与顶棚和地板温度的变化有关。此外，模拟室内墙壁的湿度受到降雨的影响。2015年模拟石室氧气浓度变化范围为13%~19%，模拟石室二氧化碳浓度变化与氧气浓度相反，变化范围为3%~9% 2016年石室的氧气浓度与周围土壤中的氧气浓度相似，在降雨时会下降，