The house fly, Musca domestica (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae), is a major pest for human and livestock health and is also resistant to different insecticides. Herein, six M. domestica populations were collected, five of them from industrial cattle farms and the Koohrang population from a remote area as a susceptible population. The resistance/susceptibility of populations to three pyrethroids was evaluated. High levels of permethrin resistance were observed in all field populations and the resistance ratios (RRs) were estimated to vary from 52- to 129-fold. Resistant populations also exhibited resistance to other pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin), with RRs ranging between 45- and 180-fold. According to synergistic (piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate and triphenyl phosphate) and enzymatic assays, resistant populations exhibited multiple resistance phenotypes. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and carboxylesterases (CarEs) were found to be involved in pyrethroid resistance in Isfahan population, P450s and GSTs in Mobarake population and CarEs detoxified pyrethroids in Natanz and Alavijeh populations. As substitution of Leucine (CTT) with Phenylalanine (TTT) at position 1014 of the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) gene is the most common mutation conferring resistance to pyrethroids in M. domestica, we sequenced a partial fragment of IIS6 and L1014F mutation was detected in all resistant populations. The present study provides valuable information for early detection of pyrethroid resistance and developing resistance management strategies in the house fly populations.

家蝇，家蝇（林奈）（双翅目：蝇科），是人类和牲畜健康的主要害虫，也是不同的杀虫剂抗药性。这里有六个家蝇采集了种群，其中五个来自工业化养牛场，一个偏远地区的Koohrang种群为易感种群。评价了种群对三种拟除虫菊酯的抗性/敏感性。在所有田间种群中均观察到高水平的苄氯菊酯抗性，估计抗性比（RRs）从52倍至129倍不等。抗性种群还表现出对其他拟除虫菊酯（氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯）的抗性，RR介于45至180倍之间。根据协同作用（胡椒基丁醚，马来酸二乙酯和磷酸三苯酯）和酶促测定，耐药菌群表现出多种耐药表型。细胞色素P450单加氧酶（P450s），谷胱甘肽S已发现伊斯法罕种群中的拟除虫菊酯抗药性，Mobarake种群中的P450和GSTs以及纳坦兹和阿拉维耶种群中的CarEs排毒拟除虫菊酯均参与了β-转移酶（GSTs）和羧酸酯酶（CarEs）的参与。截至电压敏感性钠通道的1014位置亮氨酸（CTT）用苯丙氨酸（TTT）的取代（VSSC）基因是最常见的突变赋予对在拟除虫菊酯家蝇，我们测序IIS6和L1014F突变的部分片段在所有耐药人群中均检出。本研究为家蝇种群中拟除虫菊酯抗性的早期检测和制定抗性管理策略提供了有价值的信息。