Forested landscapes are valuable sources of ecosystem services especially in areas dedicated to intense agricultural activities. Distance from forest margin is known to influence the wild bee community in the landscape surrounding forested patches. Yet little is known regarding how bee communities distribute themselves in landscapes that exhibit different forest successional states. We examined how land use type and distance from the forest edge affect the abundance and richness of the wild bee community across four forest successional states. Bees were collected in sites representing four stages of forest succession and analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with negative binomial distributions. Wild bee diversity is reduced in forested environments that maintain dense stands of trees and high canopy cover. Additionally, distance from the forest edge was an important factor determining wild bee distribution in successional stages adjacent to forest edges. Furthermore, we found that bees maintain high specificity for distinct successional states and distances. Our results demonstrate how different successional stages can harbor different bee species and highlight the ability of microhabitats to act as reservoirs of bee diversity in and around forest margins. Furthermore, we found that maximizing successional patchiness across forested landscapes increases the amount of available habitat that can support a diverse suite of bees with different nesting biologies and behaviors.

中文翻译：

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森林景观附近的野蜂分布取决于演替状态

森林景观是生态系统服务的宝贵资源，特别是在致力于农业活动的地区。已知距森林边缘的距离会影响周围森林斑驳地区景观中的野生蜂群落。关于蜜蜂群落如何在表现出不同森林演替状态的景观中分布自己，还知之甚少。我们研究了土地使用类型和与森林边缘的距离如何影响四个森林演替州的野生蜂群落的丰度和丰富度。在代表森林演替四个阶段的地点收集蜜蜂，并使用具有负二项式分布的广义线性混合模型进行分析。在森林环境中，保持树木茂密的林冠和高高的树冠覆盖率，减少了野生蜂的多样性。另外，与森林边缘的距离是决定相邻森林边缘连续阶段野生蜂分布的重要因素。此外，我们发现蜜蜂对不同的演替状态和距离保持高度的特异性。我们的结果证明了不同的演替阶段如何能够容纳不同的蜜蜂物种，并突出了微生境在森林边缘及其周围作为蜜蜂多样性的储集层的能力。此外，我们发现，最大化森林景观的连续斑块可增加可用栖息地的数量，这些栖息地可支持具有不同嵌套生物学和行为的多种蜜蜂。我们发现蜜蜂对不同的演替状态和距离保持高度的特异性。我们的结果证明了不同的演替阶段如何能够容纳不同的蜜蜂物种，并突出了微生境在森林边缘及其周围作为蜜蜂多样性的储存库的能力。此外，我们发现，最大化森林景观的连续斑块可增加可用栖息地的数量，这些栖息地可支持具有不同嵌套生物学和行为的多种蜜蜂。我们发现蜜蜂对不同的演替状态和距离保持高度的特异性。我们的结果证明了不同的演替阶段如何能够容纳不同的蜜蜂物种，并突出了微生境在森林边缘及其周围作为蜜蜂多样性的储存库的能力。此外，我们发现，最大化森林景观的连续斑块可增加可用栖息地的数量，这些栖息地可支持具有不同嵌套生物学和行为的多种蜜蜂。