Forest management affects the viability of forest grouse populations, causing alterations to habitat quality. At the regional level, common targets for wood harvesting and safeguarding of specific habitats are negotiated between various stakeholders. Analysing potential trade-offs between forest grouse habitats and wood production in the region could support resource-smart decision making. In this paper, we compiled trade-off curves represented as production possibility frontiers demonstrating the relationship between forest grouse habitat area and wood removal, using a Finnish forestry dynamics model and the Finnish Multi-Source National Forest Inventory. For the modelling of forest grouse habitats, a landscape-level occurrence model based on nationwide wildlife triangle census data was used. Five alternative forest scenarios in terms of wood removal were compiled for two study areas in Finland representing two different landscape structures. Results showed that impacts on forest grouse habitats were case-specific. In the southern study area, increasing the roundwood harvesting rate affected grouse habitats more strongly as forests were already fragmented for other land uses and became more spruce-dominated over time. If the maximum sustainable removal rate was implemented, predicted grouse habitat area was 55% less than in a no-removal scenario. In the eastern study area, a more heavily forested region, the decrease was far lower at 22%. Scenario results were also compared to levels of recorded (business as usual) wood removal and that envisaged by valid regional forestry programmes, and their sustainability in terms of grouse habitat area was discussed. The production possibility frontiers calculated in this study support the evaluation of the loss of suitable habitat caused by different wood harvesting rates, or vice versa, the economic cost of increasing habitat areas.

中文翻译：

---

风景优美的两个地区的木材产量与森林松树栖息地之间的权衡

森林经营会影响松鸡种群的生存能力，从而导致栖息地质量的变化。在区域一级，各利益攸关方之间就木材采伐和保护特定生境的共同目标进行了谈判。分析该地区森林松鸡栖息地和木材生产之间的潜在权衡取舍可以支持资源智能型决策。在本文中，我们使用芬兰林业动力学模型和芬兰多源国家森林清单编制了折衷曲线，以折衷曲线表示了生产可能性边界，证明了森林松鸡栖息地面积与木材砍伐之间的关系。为了对森林松鸡栖息地进行建模，使用了基于全国野生动植物三角普查数据的景观水平发生模型。针对芬兰的两个研究区域，编制了五种替代木材的森林方案，分别代表两种不同的景观结构。结果表明，对森林松鸡栖息地的影响是因情况而异的。在南部研究区，圆木采伐率的提高对松鸡栖息地的影响更大，因为森林已经被分割成其他土地用途，并且随着时间的推移变得更加以云杉为主。如果实施了最大的可持续清除率，预计松鸡栖息地的面积将比无清除方案少55％。在东部研究区，即森林茂密的地区，下降幅度很低，仅为22％。还将情景结果与记录的（照常营业）木材采伐水平以及有效的区域林业计划所设想的水平进行了比较，并就松鸡栖息地面积的可持续性进行了讨论。在这项研究中计算的生产可能性边界支持了对由于不同木材采伐率引起的合适生境丧失的评估，反之亦然，即增加生境面积的经济成本。