Context Global warming has been exerting an increasing stress on mammal populations occurring at the bioclimatic edges of their ranges. Moose, as heat-sensitive ungulates, are expected to be increasingly susceptible to thermal stress; however, the behavioral responses of animals could mitigate unfavorable weather conditions. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the temperature-mediated behavioral changes in moose occurring at the southwestern edge of the species’ range in Europe. We predicted that increasing temperature in summer would modify the daily activity pattern of animal and fine-scale utilization of thermal cover. Methods We analysed data from 36 moose, who were fitted with GPS collars from two study sites located in Eastern Poland. The distance between moose locations served for assessing moose activity. We applied additive modelling to test the effect of the daily temperature on daily activity patterns and landscape use of moose. Results Moose, when exposed to temperatures exceeding thermal comfort, increased their activity during cooler twilight hours. On the hottest days, moose were more likely to use tree canopy cover, especially during midday hours. Finally, with increased temperatures and the risk of thermal stress, at that part of the day, moose utilized denser forest stands which could have provided extra protection against solar radiation. Conclusions Our observations suggested that under a scenario of further climate warming, moose at the southwestern periphery of their range will be forced to make further behavioral alterations. However, it is not clear whether they will be able to compensate for the negative effects of on-going climate change.

中文翻译：

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太热了：夏季空间使用在其范围边缘的冷适应有蹄类动物中发生变化

背景 全球变暖对发生在其活动范围生物气候边缘的哺乳动物种群施加了越来越大的压力。驼鹿作为对热敏感的有蹄类动物，预计将越来越容易受到热应力的影响；然而，动物的行为反应可以减轻不利的天气条件。目标我们旨在评估发生在欧洲物种分布范围西南边缘的驼鹿的温度介导的行为变化。我们预测夏季气温升高会改变动物的日常活动模式和热覆盖的精细利用。方法 我们分析了来自位于波兰东部的两个研究地点的 36 头驼鹿的数据，这些驼鹿配备了 GPS 项圈。驼鹿位置之间的距离用于评估驼鹿活动。我们应用加法建模来测试日常温度对驼鹿日常活动模式和景观利用的影响。结果 驼鹿暴露在超过热舒适度的温度下时，会在较冷的黄昏时段增加活动。在最热的日子里，驼鹿更有可能使用树冠覆盖，尤其是在中午。最后，随着气温升高和热应力风险，在一天的那段时间，驼鹿利用更密集的林分，这可以提供额外的太阳辐射保护。结论我们的观察表明，在气候进一步变暖的情况下，栖息地西南边缘的驼鹿将被迫做出进一步的行为改变。然而，