Abstract Lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis Linnaeus) is an important establishment pest of winter grain crops and pastures in Australia. Control of S. viridis largely relies on the application of insecticides through foliar sprays or seed treatments; however, in recent years, farmers have faced increasing difficulties managing this pest. This is likely due to their high inherent tolerance to certain chemicals, although there are increasing concerns around emerging resistance. Despite this, there have been no studies worldwide investigating insecticide sensitivity shifts on S. viridis. Further, there is currently no established method to test the response of S. viridis to neonicotinoids, which are now widely used to protect many crops attacked by this species. Here, we established a robust and sensitive bioassay methodology to test neonicotinoids against S. viridis. We also generated important sensitivity data for the first time across multiple S. viridis populations from geographically distinct regions in Australia to two commonly used insecticides, omethoate, and imidacloprid. While there was variation in responses between populations for both chemicals, there is no evidence to suggest insecticide resistance has evolved in the field. This study is an important step for future monitoring of insecticide resistance in S. viridis, particularly given the considerable selection pressure imposed on this pest in Australia and its purported high-risk of evolving resistance.

中文翻译：

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澳大利亚弹跳虫 Sminthurus viridis（弹跳虫：Sminthuridae）中的杀虫剂反应

摘要 琉森跳蚤（Sminthurus viridis Linnaeus）是澳大利亚冬季粮食作物和牧场的重要定植害虫。S. viridis 的控制主要依赖于通过叶面喷洒或种子处理施用杀虫剂；然而，近年来，农民在管理这种害虫方面面临越来越大的困难。这可能是由于它们对某些化学品具有高度固有的耐受性，尽管人们越来越担心新出现的耐药性。尽管如此，世界范围内还没有研究对绿色链球菌的杀虫剂敏感性变化进行调查。此外，目前还没有确定的方法来测试绿色链球菌对新烟碱类物质的反应，新烟碱类物质现在被广泛用于保护许多受该物种侵袭的作物。这里，我们建立了一种稳健且灵敏的生物测定方法来测试新烟碱类化合物对绿色链球菌的影响。我们还首次生成了来自澳大利亚不同地理区域的多个绿色链球菌种群对两种常用杀虫剂氧化乐果和吡虫啉的重要敏感性数据。虽然人群对这两种化学品的反应存在差异，但没有证据表明该领域已经形成了杀虫剂抗性。这项研究是未来监测绿色 S. viridis 杀虫剂抗性的重要一步，特别是考虑到澳大利亚对这种害虫施加了相当大的选择压力，并声称其具有进化抗性的高风险。将来自澳大利亚地理上不同地区的 viridis 种群添加到两种常用的杀虫剂，氧化乐果和吡虫啉。虽然人群对这两种化学品的反应存在差异，但没有证据表明该领域已经形成了杀虫剂抗性。这项研究是未来监测绿色 S. viridis 杀虫剂抗性的重要一步，特别是考虑到澳大利亚对这种害虫施加了相当大的选择压力，并声称其具有进化抗性的高风险。将来自澳大利亚地理上不同地区的 viridis 种群添加到两种常用的杀虫剂，氧化乐果和吡虫啉。虽然人群对这两种化学品的反应存在差异，但没有证据表明该领域已经形成了杀虫剂抗性。这项研究是未来监测绿色 S. viridis 杀虫剂抗性的重要一步，特别是考虑到澳大利亚对这种害虫施加了相当大的选择压力，并声称其具有进化抗性的高风险。