Reduced activation of positive valence systems (PVS), including blunted neural and physiological responses to pleasant stimuli and rewards, has been shown to prospectively predict the development of psychopathology. Yet, little is known about how reduced PVS activation emerges across development or what implications it has for prevention. We review genetic, temperament, parenting, and naturalistic and laboratory stress research on neural measures of PVS and outline developmentally-informed models of trajectories of PVS activation. PVS function is partly heritable and appears to reflect individual differences in early-emerging temperament traits. Although lab-induced stressors blunt PVS activation, effects of parenting and naturalistic stress on PVS are mixed and depend on the type of stressor, developmental timing, and interactions amongst risk factors. We propose that there may be multiple, dynamic developmental trajectories to reduced PVS activation in which combinations of genes, temperament, and exposure to severe, prolonged, or uncontrollable stress may exert direct and interactive effects on PVS function. Critically, these risk factors may alter PVS developmental trajectories and/or PVS sensitivity to proximal stressors. Distinct factors may converge such that PVS activation proceeds along a typical, accelerated, chronically low, or stress-reactive trajectory. Finally, we present directions for future research with translational implications.

正价系统（PVS）激活的减少，包括对愉快刺激和奖励的神经和生理反应减弱，已被证明可以前瞻性地预测精神病理学的发展。然而，人们对 PVS 激活在发育过程中如何减少以及它对预防有何影响知之甚少。我们回顾了有关 PVS 神经测量的遗传、气质、养育以及自然和实验室应激研究，并概述了 PVS 激活轨迹的发育知情模型。 PVS 功能有部分遗传性，似乎反映了早期出现的气质特征的个体差异。尽管实验室引起的压力源会削弱 PVS 的激活，但养育和自然压力对 PVS 的影响是混合的，并且取决于压力源的类型、发育时间以及风险因素之间的相互作用。我们认为，可能存在多种动态的发育轨迹来减少 PVS 激活，其中基因、气质和暴露于严重、长期或无法控制的压力的组合可能对 PVS 功能产生直接和交互的影响。至关重要的是，这些风险因素可能会改变 PVS 的发育轨迹和/或 PVS 对近端应激源的敏感性。不同的因素可能会汇聚在一起，使得 PVS 激活沿着典型的、加速的、长期低的或应激反应的轨迹进行。最后，我们提出了具有转化意义的未来研究方向。