Currently, the contamination of water with different insecticides like profenofos (PFF) is a critical concern in the aquatic ecosystem. There are limited studies available on the negative impacts of PFF on common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio L.). Therefore, the existing study was designed to investigate the effect of PFF exposure (1/10 of the 96 h-LC50) on the neurobehavior, growth performance, chemical composition, oxidative status, DNA damage, apoptotic status and histological indices of the brain and gill tissues. In addition, this study seeks to detect the ability of geranium essential oil (GEO) dietary supplementation to mitigate the negative impacts of PFF. Accordingly, a total of 120 healthy fish were divided into four groups: the control group, fed on basal diet only; the other groups were fed on a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg kg-1 GEO, basal diet and PFF in water (PFF group), and supplemented diet with GEO and PFF in water (GEO + PFF), respectively, for 60 days. The results showed that PFF significantly reduced fish growth performance, crude protein, and lipid contents. It caused several behavioral alterations including spiral movement, decreased activeness, and changes in feeding behavior. Moreover, PFF increased the DNA tail length, tail moment, and the level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Histologically, PFF induced a wide array of circulatory, inflammatory, regressive and progressive alterations in the brain and gill tissues. PFF significantly downregulated Bcl-2 and upregulated caspase-3 immuno-expression in both organs. Further, it considerably depleted the antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The GEO supplementation did not reach the respective control values but markedly improved most of the behavioral, physical, biochemical, oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory markers, altered by PFF exposure. It also protected the gill and brain tissues from the branchial and encephalopathic effects of PFF. These findings suggest that GEO dietary supplements could be advantageous for mitigating PFF negative impacts and presenting a promising feed additive for common carp in aquaculture.

中文翻译：

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亚慢性Profenofos暴露对鲤鱼脑组织的神经行为，凋亡和DNA破坏作用：天竺葵精油的拮抗作用。

当前，在水生生态系统中，诸如普罗芬诺斯（Pfenofos）（PFF）等不同杀虫剂对水的污染是至关重要的。关于PFF对普通鲤鱼（鲤）的负面影响的研究很少。因此，现有研究旨在研究PFF暴露（96 h-LC50的1/10）对神经行为，生长性能，化学成分，氧化状态，DNA损伤，细胞凋亡状态和组织学指标的影响。 ill组织。此外，本研究旨在检测天竺葵精油（GEO）膳食补充剂减轻PFF负面影响的能力。因此，将总共120条健康鱼分为四组：对照组，仅以基础饮食为食；对照组，仅以基础饮食为食。其余各组分别在基础饮食中补充了400 mg kg-1 GEO，基础饮食和水中PFF（PFF组），并在基础饮食中补充了GEO和PFF水中（GEO + PFF）。结果表明，PFF显着降低了鱼类的生长性能，粗蛋白和脂质含量。它引起了多种行为改变，包括螺旋运动，活动性下降和进食行为发生变化。此外，PFF增加了DNA的尾巴长度，尾矩和8-羟基-2'-脱氧鸟苷的水平。从组织学上讲，PFF在大脑和腮组织中引起了广泛的循环，炎症，回归和进行性改变。PFF显着下调两个器官中的Bcl-2和caspase-3免疫表达。此外，它极大地耗尽了抗氧化酶，包括超氧化物歧化酶，过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶。GEO补充剂未达到各自的对照值，但显着改善了大多数行为，物理，生化，氧化，凋亡和炎性标志物，这些标志物因PFF暴露而改变。它还保护the和脑组织免受PFF的分支和脑病作用。这些发现表明，GEO膳食补充剂可能有助于减轻PFF的负面影响，并为水产养殖鲤鱼提供有前途的饲料添加剂。它还保护the和脑组织免受PFF的分支和脑病作用。这些发现表明，GEO膳食补充剂可能有助于减轻PFF的负面影响，并为水产养殖鲤鱼提供有前途的饲料添加剂。它还保护the和脑组织免受PFF的分支和脑病作用。这些发现表明，GEO膳食补充剂可能有助于减轻PFF的负面影响，并为水产养殖鲤鱼提供有前途的饲料添加剂。