3D object manipulation is one of the most critical tasks for handheld mobile Augmented Reality (AR), which can contribute towards its practical potential, especially for real-world assembly support. In this context, the study of techniques which are used to manipulate 3D objects is an important research area. This study has developed an improved device-based technique within handheld mobile AR interfaces, to solve the large-range 3D object rotation problem, as well as issues related to position and orientation deviations in manipulating 3D objects. We firstly enhanced the existing device-based 3D object rotation technique (named as HoldAR) with an innovative control structure (named as TiltAR) that utilizes the handheld mobile device tilting and skewing amplitudes to determine the rotation axes and directions of the 3D object. Whenever the device is tilted or skewed in a way that exceeds the threshold values of the amplitudes, the 3D object rotation will start continuously with a pre-defined angular speed per second, to prevent over-rotation of the handheld mobile device. This over-rotation is a common occurrence when using the existing technique to perform large-range 3D object rotations. The problem of over-rotation of the handheld mobile devices needs to be solved since it causes a 3D object registration error and a 3D object display issue, where the 3D object does not appear consistent within the user's range of view. Secondly, restructuring the existing device-based 3D object manipulation technique (named as DI) was done by separating the degrees of freedom (DOF) of the 3D object translation and rotation, to prevent deviations of the 3D object position and orientation, caused by the DOF integration that utilizes the same control structure, which is HoldAR, for both tasks. Next, an improved device-based manipulation technique (named as DS), with better performance on task completion time for 3D object manipulation within handheld mobile AR interfaces, was developed. A pilot test was carried out before other main tests to determine several pre-defined values designed in the control structure of TiltAR. A series of 3D manipulation tasks were designed and developed to benchmark DS (the proposed manipulation technique) with DI (the existing technique) on task completion time (s). Sixteen participants aged 19–24 years old were selected. Each participant had to complete twelve trials, which came to a total 192 trials per experiment for all the participants. Repeated measure analysis was used to analyze the data. The results obtained have statistically proven that DS markedly outpaced DI with significant shorter task completion times in all tasks consisting of different difficulty levels and rotation amounts. Based on the findings, an improved device-based 3D object manipulation technique has been successfully developed to address the insufficient functionalities of the current technique.

3D对象操纵是手持移动增强现实（AR）的最关键任务之一，它可以发挥其实际潜力，尤其是对现实世界的装配支持。在这种情况下，用于操纵3D对象的技术的研究是重要的研究领域。这项研究开发了一种改进的基于手持设备的移动AR界面中基于设备的技术，以解决大范围的3D对象旋转问题以及与操纵3D对象时的位置和方向偏差有关的问题。我们首先通过创新的控制结构（名称为TiltAR）增强了现有的基于设备的3D对象旋转技术（名称为TiltAR），该结构利用手持移动设备的倾斜和倾斜幅度来确定3D对象的旋转轴和方向。每当设备以超过幅度阈值的方式倾斜或倾斜时，3D对象旋转将以每秒预定的角速度连续开始，以防止手持移动设备过度旋转。使用现有技术执行大范围3D对象旋转时，这种过度旋转是一种常见现象。手持移动设备旋转过度的问题需要解决，因为它会引起3D对象配准错误和3D对象显示问题，其中3D对象在用户的视野范围内看起来不一致。其次，通过分离3D对象平移和旋转的自由度（DOF），对现有的基于设备的3D对象操纵技术（称为DI）进行重组，以防止3D对象位置和方向的偏差，这是由于DOF集成对两个任务使用了相同的控制结构（即HoldAR）引起的。接下来，开发了一种改进的基于设备的操纵技术（称为DS），该技术在手持式移动AR界面内进行3D对象操纵的任务完成时间上具有更好的性能。在进行其他主要测试之前，先进行了中试测试，以确定TiltAR的控制结构中设计的几个预定义值。设计和开发了一系列3D操作任务，以在任务完成时间上用DI（现有技术）对DS（建议的操作技术）进行基准测试。选择了年龄在19-24岁之间的16名参与者。每个参与者必须完成十二项试验，每个参与者总共进行了192次试验。重复测量分析用于分析数据。所获得的结果在统计上证明，在由不同难度级别和轮换量组成的所有任务中，DS明显超过了DI，任务完成时间明显缩短。基于这些发现，已经成功开发了一种改进的基于设备的3D对象操作技术，以解决当前技术的不足功能。