Abstract Hyaline cartilage is a nonvascular connective tissue covering the joint surface. It consists mostly of the extracellular matrix proteins and a small number of highly differentiated chondrocytes. At present, various techniques for repairing joint surfaces damage, for example, the use of modified cell cultures and biodegradable scaffolds, are under investigation. Molecular mechanisms of cartilage tissue proliferation have been also actively studied in recent years. TGFβ3, which plays a critical role in the proliferation of normal cartilage tissue, is one of the most important protein among cytokines and growth factors affecting chondrogenesis. By interacting directly with receptors on the cell membrane surface, TGFβ3 triggers a cascade of molecular interactions involving transcription factor Sox9. In this review, we describe the effects of TGFβ3 on the receptor complex activation and subsequent intracellular trafficking of Smad proteins and analyze the relation between these processes and upregulation of expression of major extracellular matrix genes, such as col2a1 and acan .

中文翻译：

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TGFβ3 作为促进透明软骨细胞外基质蛋白合成的治疗剂的作用机制

摘要 透明软骨是一种覆盖关节表面的非血管结缔组织。它主要由细胞外基质蛋白和少量高度分化的软骨细胞组成。目前，各种修复关节表面损伤的技术正在研究中，例如使用改良的细胞培养物和可生物降解的支架。近年来，软骨组织增殖的分子机制也得到了积极研究。TGFβ3在正常软骨组织的增殖中起关键作用，是影响软骨形成的细胞因子和生长因子中最重要的蛋白质之一。通过直接与细胞膜表面的受体相互作用，TGFβ3 触发了涉及转录因子 Sox9 的分子相互作用级联。在这次审查中，