Abstract Large earthquakes in mountainous regions often trigger widespread landslides, some of which remain active for years to decades. This study has evaluated the spatial and temporal evolution of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake-induced landslides using pre-earthquake and post-earthquake landslide inventories. Temporal landslide inventories were developed from the SPOT satellite images, using the visual image interpretation supported with field validation. It is observed that after the earthquake, the landslide area and number showed a surge, however, decays in the subsequent years. The rate of decline in the landslide area was relatively slower until 2010, however, it dropped considerably during 2010–2018. The spatial variation of the landslides was traced and analyzed to classify them based on the activity. The temporal evolution of the landslides was compared with the geology, earthquake triggering fault and topographic attributes of slope, aspect, and elevation, to evaluate their influence on the distribution of landslides. The landslide inventories were related to the major triggering factors including rainfall and earthquakes, to determine their impact on the temporal dynamics of the landslides. Regeneration of vegetation is analyzed using the temporal NDVI images as one of the drivers for the decline in the landslide area. The knowledge of temporal dynamics of landslides and their major contributing factors shall assist to understand their triggering mechanism and effective mitigation measures.

中文翻译：

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2005年克什米尔地震后同震滑坡的时空演化

摘要 山区的大地震经常引发大范围的山体滑坡，其中一些山体滑坡会持续数年至数十年。本研究使用震前和震后滑坡清单评估了 2005 年克什米尔地震引发的滑坡的时空演变。使用现场验证支持的视觉图像解释，从 SPOT 卫星图像开发了时间滑坡清单。据观察，地震发生后，滑坡面积和数量呈激增趋势，但随后几年逐渐衰减。滑坡面积的下降速度在 2010 年之前相对较慢，但在 2010-2018 年期间下降幅度较大。追踪和分析滑坡的空间变化，以根据活动对它们进行分类。将滑坡的时间演化与地质、地震触发断层和坡度、坡向和高程的地形属性进行比较，以评估它们对滑坡分布的影响。滑坡清单与降雨和地震等主要触发因素相关，以确定它们对滑坡时间动态的影响。使用时间 NDVI 图像作为滑坡面积下降的驱动因素之一来分析植被的再生。了解滑坡的时间动态及其主要影响因素将有助于了解其触发机制和有效的缓解措施。评估它们对滑坡分布的影响。滑坡清单与降雨和地震等主要触发因素相关，以确定它们对滑坡时间动态的影响。使用时间 NDVI 图像作为滑坡面积下降的驱动因素之一来分析植被的再生。了解滑坡的时间动态及其主要影响因素将有助于了解其触发机制和有效的缓解措施。评估它们对滑坡分布的影响。滑坡清单与降雨和地震等主要触发因素相关，以确定它们对滑坡时间动态的影响。使用时间 NDVI 图像作为滑坡面积下降的驱动因素之一来分析植被的再生。了解滑坡的时间动态及其主要影响因素将有助于了解其触发机制和有效的缓解措施。使用时间 NDVI 图像作为滑坡面积下降的驱动因素之一来分析植被的再生。了解滑坡的时间动态及其主要影响因素将有助于了解其触发机制和有效的缓解措施。使用时间 NDVI 图像作为滑坡面积下降的驱动因素之一来分析植被的再生。了解滑坡的时间动态及其主要影响因素将有助于了解其触发机制和有效的缓解措施。