Abstract The objective of this study was to assess whether it is possible to obtain a comprehensive record of the last deglaciation from the small Pena Negra glacial cirque in a marginal mountain range in the Iberian Range (northern Iberian Peninsula). The cirque is located in Sierra Cebollera, at an elevation slightly over 2000 m a.s.l. in the divide, and has relatively low elevational difference between its uppermost and lowest parts. The Pena Negra glacial cirque was selected because of the presence of several lateral moraines indicating the occurrence of a glacial tongue of 1.8 km length and a small rock glacier, enabling identification of the main glacial stages that affected the paleo-evolution of the glacier. Using cosmogenic exposure dating techniques and geomorphological mapping it was possible to reconstruct the historical Pena Negra glacier and to distinguish: (i) the maximum ice extent (MIE) at approximately 18–20 ka, coinciding with the Global Last Glacial Maximum (GLGM), although the occurrence of a previous stage was not ruled out; (ii) a stage of glacial re-advance at 16–17 ka, coinciding with the Oldest Dryas, followed by rapid ice melting; (iii) the development of a rock glacier in a minor structural cirque near the headwall at 14–15 ka, when paraglacial processes were probably dominant; and (iv) evidence of ice melting in the uppermost cirque at 13.5 ka. Study of the Pena Negra glacier revealed the history of a minor valley glacier affected by distinct stages, including the formation of a small rock glacier in the final phases of deglaciation. No evidence of a Younger Dryas re-advance was found.

中文翻译：

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伊比利亚半岛北部伊比利亚山脉佩尼亚内格拉河谷的冰川阶段：评估边缘山区小冰斗中冰川记录的重要性

摘要 本研究的目的是评估是否有可能从伊比利亚山脉（伊比利亚半岛北部）的边缘山脉中的小型 Pena Negra 冰圈获得最后一次冰消期的综合记录。马戏团位于塞博列拉山脉，分界线海拔略高于 2000 米，其最高和最低部分之间的高差相对较小。选择 Pena Negra 冰环是因为存在多个侧冰碛，表明存在 1.8 公里长的冰舌和一个小岩石冰川，能够识别影响冰川古演化的主要冰川阶段。使用宇宙成因暴露年代测定技术和地貌测绘，可以重建历史上的佩纳内格拉冰川并区分：（i）大约 18-20 ka 的最大冰范围（MIE），与全球末次冰川最大值（GLGM）一致虽然不排除前一阶段的发生；(ii) 16-17 ka 的冰川再推进阶段，与最古老的仙女木同时出现，随后冰迅速融化；(iii) 在 14-15 ka 附近的端壁附近的小型构造圆环中的岩石冰川的发展，当时冰河过程可能占主导地位；(iv) 在 13.5 ka 处，最上层圆环的冰融化的证据。对佩纳内格拉冰川的研究揭示了受不同阶段影响的小山谷冰川的历史，包括在冰川消退的最后阶段形成一个小岩石冰川。没有发现新仙女木重新前进的证据。