Microextraction-based sample preparation techniques have exhibited remarkable importance in analytical chemistry since they were first developed in the 1980s. The application of these techniques involves efficient and, at the same time, environmentally-friendly analytical methodologies. They are also generally faster when compared with classical sample preparation techniques, requiring low solvent and sample volumes, and also allowing for automated or semi-automated procedures. This paper provides an overview of the basic principles of sample preparation techniques and the important applications and developments that have taken place in this area over the past five years. These procedures include solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE), rotating disk sorptive extraction (RDSE), micro solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME). The main variations are discussed with a focus on recent applications in the analysis of environmental water samples. Lastly, some of the trends and perspectives associated with these outstanding microextraction sample preparation approaches are highlighted.

自从1980年代首次开发以来，基于微萃取的样品制备技术就在分析化学中表现出了重要的意义。这些技术的应用涉及有效的，同时也是环境友好的分析方法。与传统的样品制备技术相比，它们通常也更快，所需的溶剂和样品量少，并且还允许自动化或半自动化程序。本文概述了样品制备技术的基本原理以及过去五年来在此领域中发生的重要应用和发展。这些程序包括固相微萃取（SPME），搅拌棒吸附萃取（SBSE），棒吸附微萃取（BAμE），旋转盘吸附萃取（RDSE），微固相萃取（μ-SPE）和液相微萃取（LPME）。讨论了主要变化，重点是在环境水样品分析中的最新应用。最后，重点介绍了与这些出色的微萃取样品制备方法相关的一些趋势和观点。