Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment have generated great interest within the scientific community due to their toxic effect to animal, human health, and the environment. This review encompasses the historical presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the world-wide environment. Information on exposure indicated that the main route of exposure of dioxins/furans to humans is through ingestion, which is discussed in this paper. In addition, we present a thorough assessment of sampling, methods for extraction, and analysis as well as the photodegradation of dioxins under various conditions. In general, extraction methods including USEPA 8290 are the most used with high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) preferred as a detection tool. Moreover, a detailed compilation of studies of the PCDD/F concentrations and environmental sources from major industrial regions in several countries are presented. In summary, the major sources of dioxins in the worldwide environment include combustion and industrial sources with major challenges related to the lack of data availability in the Middle East especially with the current Warfare conflicts in the region.

由于环境中的持久性有机污染物（POPs）对动物，人类健康和环境具有毒性，因此引起了科学界的极大兴趣。本次审查包括多氯二苯并-历史存在p-二恶英（PCDDs）和二苯并呋喃（PCDFs）在世界范围内的环境中。有关接触的信息表明，二恶英/呋喃接触人的主要途径是通过摄入，本文对此进行了讨论。另外，我们对各种条件下的采样，提取和分析方法以及二恶英的光降解进行了全面评估。通常，包括USEPA 8290在内的提取方法最常与高分辨率气相色谱/高分辨率质谱法（HRGC / HRMS）结合使用，首选作为检测工具。此外，还提供了对一些国家主要工业地区PCDD / F浓度和环境来源的研究的详细汇编。综上所述，