A highly efficient extraction of analytes is crucial for the determination of pesticides in environmental samples at ultra-trace levels. In order to reduce sample handling and improve analysis productivity, extraction methods should be automated. However, fully automation is not always possible. In the present review, the use of automated and semi-automated extraction procedures coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GG-MS) for the determination of pesticides in environmental samples are revised, highlighting their advantages as well as their disadvantages. Among automated or semi-automated extraction techniques, solid phase microextraction (SPME) is the most widely used methodology for the determination of pesticides in environmental samples. In addition, analytical methods based on automated solid phase extraction (SPE) or extraction procedures requiring minimal sample handling, such as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and liquid phase microextraction (LPME) procedures, have also been coupled to GC–MS and applied for the determination of pesticides in environmental samples. Therefore, methodologies based on these extraction techniques are also considered in this paper. The combination of these procedures with GC–MS has allowed the determination of pesticides with acceptable relative recoveries (>70% in most cases) and low limits of detection (LOD), in the range of few μg L⁻¹–ng L⁻¹. Nevertheless, increased efforts aimed at achieving the highest possible recoveries and lowest LOD values, as well as the complete automation of the analytical techniques, are still required.

分析物的高效提取对于测定超痕量环境样品中的农药至关重要。为了减少样品处理并提高分析效率，应自动提取方法。但是，并非总是可以完全自动化。在本综述中，使用自动和半自动提取程序结合气相色谱质谱法（GG-MS）来测定环境样品中的农药的方法得到了修订，突出了它们的优点和缺点。在自动或半自动提取技术中，固相微萃取（SPME）是测定环境样品中农药的最广泛使用的方法。此外，基于自动固相萃取（SPE）或需要最少样品处理的萃取程序的分析方法，例如搅拌棒吸附萃取（SBSE）和液相微萃取（LPME）程序，也已与GC-MS结合使用并用于测定环境样品中的农药残留。因此，本文还考虑了基于这些提取技术的方法。这些程序与GC-MS的结合使农药的相对回收率（大多数情况下> 70％）和低检测限（LOD）在几微克L范围内即可测定 还与GC-MS联用，用于测定环境样品中的农药。因此，本文还考虑了基于这些提取技术的方法。这些程序与GC-MS的结合使农药的相对回收率（大多数情况下> 70％）和低检测限（LOD）在几微克L范围内即可测定 还与GC-MS联用，用于测定环境样品中的农药。因此，本文还考虑了基于这些提取技术的方法。这些程序与GC-MS的结合使农药的相对回收率（大多数情况下> 70％）和低检测限（LOD）在几微克L范围内即可测定^-1 -ng L ^-1。然而，仍然需要加大努力以实现最高的回收率和最低的LOD值，以及分析技术的完全自动化。