Canine mammary carcinoma represents a model for the study of human breast cancer, although the prognostic value of various clinical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters has shown contradictory results. A prospective study, through a 4‐year follow‐up, was performed in 77 patients with mammary carcinoma to analyse the association between histological diagnosis, grade of malignancy, peritumoral and vascular invasion. We have also performed immunohistochemistry for the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) that define human biomarkers of disease progression and treatment response. An association between histological diagnosis and clinical stage was observed with a high proportion of complex carcinoma classified as stage I. There was a higher proportion of ER⁺/PR⁺/HER2⁻ tumours in stage I. In contrast, triple‐negative tumours (ER⁻/PR⁻/HER2⁻) were found mainly in advanced clinical stages and were associated with vascular and peritumoral invasion. The tumours included in group VII (carcinosarcoma/adenosquamous carcinoma/other special types of carcinoma) had a higher expression of COX‐2. The univariate analysis showed that those patients with complex carcinoma had the lowest incidence of metastases and the highest probability of survival. In contrast, a high proportion of patients with anaplastic/inflammatory carcinoma developed metastases and showed the lowest probability of survival. In addition, the estimated survival time was shorter for those patients with triple‐negative tumours and those with high COX‐2 expression. However, in the multivariate analysis, only the peritumoral invasion maintained its prognostic significance. In conclusion, in our study anaplastic/inflammatory carcinomas had the worst prognosis with a high proportion of triple‐negative tumours in this category.

中文翻译：

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免疫组织化学标志物和组织学分类在犬恶性乳腺肿瘤中的预后意义。

尽管各种临床、组织学和免疫组织化学参数的预后价值显示出相互矛盾的结果，但犬乳腺癌代表了人类乳腺癌研究的模型。一项前瞻性研究，通过 4 年的随访，对 77 名乳腺癌患者进行了分析，以分析组织学诊断、恶性程度、肿瘤周围和血管侵犯之间的关系。我们还对雌激素受体 (ER)、孕激素受体 (PR)、人类表皮生长因子受体 2 (HER2) 和环氧合酶-2 (COX-2) 的表达进行了免疫组织化学分析，它们定义了疾病进展和治疗反应的人类生物标志物。观察到组织学诊断和临床分期之间存在关联，其中 I 期的复杂癌比例很高。⁺ /PR ⁺ /HER2 ^- I 期肿瘤。相反，三阴性肿瘤（ER ^- /PR ^- /HER2 ^-) 主要发现于晚期临床阶段，并与血管和肿瘤周围浸润有关。VII组（癌肉瘤/腺鳞癌/其他特殊类型的癌）中包含的肿瘤具有较高的COX-2表达。单变量分析显示，复杂癌患者的转移发生率最低，生存率最高。相比之下，很大比例的间变性/炎性癌患者发生转移，存活率最低。此外，三阴性肿瘤患者和 COX-2 高表达患者的估计生存时间更短。然而，在多变量分析中，只有肿瘤周围浸润保持其预后意义。综上所述，