Natural populations often persist at the landscape scale as metapopulations, with breeding units (subpopulations) experiencing temporal extinction and recolonization events. Important parameters to forecast population viability in these systems include the ratio of the effective number of breeders (N_b) to the total number of adults (N_a) and migration rates among subpopulations. Here, we present the results of a 10‐year integrative monitoring program of a metapopulation of the Iberian green frog (Pelophylax perezi) in central Spain. We characterized population dynamics at two main breeding ponds (Gravera and Laguna) using capture‐mark‐recapture data to estimate N_a in each breeding season, and multilocus genotypes to estimate the effective population size (N_e), N_b, individual breeding success, and migration rates. Both ponds experienced population decline after a dry season, with Gravera subsequently recovering and Laguna suffering a bottleneck associated with genetic impoverishment. In this subpopulation, average allelic richness and private alleles decreased from 2010 (10.87 and 1.67, respectively) to 2018 (8.0 and 0.20). The N_b/N_a ratio in Laguna in 2018 was twice as high (0.95) than in Gravera (0.41) or in pre‐bottleneck Laguna (0.50), suggesting plasticity or genetic compensation through increased individual breeding success. Migration rates were asymmetric between ponds, with a stronger contribution from Gravera to Laguna (29.9% vs. 16.2% in the opposite direction) that may result in a rescue effect. This study emphasizes the importance of integrative demographic approaches for the monitoring of natural populations based on a better understanding of their spatio‐temporal dynamics, which provides valuable information for conservation actions.

中文翻译：

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在空间结构上的两栖动物种群中，人口统计趋势和不对称移民率形成鲜明对比。

自然种群通常在景观尺度上以种群的形式持续存在，繁殖单位（亚种群）经历着时间的灭绝和再定殖事件。在这些系统中，预测种群生存力的重要参数包括育种者的有效数量（N _b）与成虫总数（N _a）的比率以及亚种群之间的迁移率。在这里，我们介绍了西班牙中部伊比利亚绿蛙（Pelophylax perezi）的种群的十年综合监测计划的结果。我们使用捕获标记再捕获数据来估计N _a来表征两个主要繁殖池（Gravera和Laguna）的种群动态。在每个繁殖季节，以及多基因座基因型，以估算有效种群数量（N _e），N _b，个体繁殖成功率和迁移率。旱季过后，这两个池塘的种群都减少了，格拉维拉随后恢复了，拉古纳遭受了与基因贫困有关的瓶颈。在此亚人群中，平均等位基因富集度和私人等位基因从2010年（分别为10.87和1.67）下降到2018年（分别为8.0和0.20）。所述Ñ _b / Ñ_一个2018年，拉古纳的比率（0.95）是Gravera（0.41）或瓶颈前拉古纳（0.50）的两倍，这表明通过提高个体育种成功率实现了可塑性或遗传补偿。池塘之间的迁移率是不对称的，从格雷韦拉到拉古纳的迁移率更高（相反方向为29.9％对16.2％），这可能导致救援效果。这项研究强调了基于人口统计方法对自然种群进行监测的重要性，这是基于对自然种群时空动态的更好理解，这为保护行动提供了有价值的信息。