Based on electromyographic data and force measurements within the shoulder joint, there is an indication that muscle and resulting joint reaction forces keep increasing over an abduction angle of 90°. In inverse dynamics models, no single parameter could be attributed to simulate this force behaviour accordingly. The aim of this work is to implement kinematic, kinetic and muscle model modifications to an existing model of the shoulder (AnyBody™) and assess their single and combined effects during abduction up to 140° humeral elevation. The kinematics and the EMG activity of 10 test subjects were measured during humeral abduction. Six modifications were implemented in the model: alternative wrapping of the virtual deltoid muscle elements, utilization of a three element Hill model, strength scaling, motion capture driven clavicle elevation/protraction, translation of the GH joint in dependency of the acting forces and an alteration of the scapula/clavicle rhythm. From the six modifications, 16 different combinations were considered. Parameter combinations with the Hill model changed the resultant GH joint reaction force and led to an increase in force during abduction of the humerus above 90°. Under the premise of muscle activities and forces within the GH joint rising after 90° of humeral abduction, we propose that the Hill type muscle model is a crucial parameter for accurately modelling the shoulder. Furthermore, the outcome of this study indicates that the Hill model induces the co-contraction of the muscles of the shoulder without the need of an additional stability criterion for an inverse dynamics approach.

根据肌电图数据和肩关节内的力测量，有迹象表明，肌肉和由此产生的关节反作用力在90°的外展角上持续增加。在逆动力学模型中，不能归因于单个参数来模拟此力行为。这项工作的目的是对现有的肩部模型（AnyBody™）进行运动学，动力学和肌肉模型修改，并评估在肱骨抬高至140°时外展过程中它们的单一和联合作用。在肱骨外展期间测量了10名测试对象的运动学和EMG活性。该模型进行了六项修改：虚拟三角肌元素的替代包裹，三元素希尔模型的利用，强度缩放，运动捕获驱动锁骨抬高/牵开，GH关节根据作用力平移以及肩the骨/锁骨节律的改变。从这六个修改中，考虑了16种不同的组合。Hill模型的参数组合改变了合成的GH关节反作用力，并导致在90°以上的肱骨外展过程中增加了作用力。在肱骨外展90°后GH关节内的肌肉活动和力量上升的前提下，我们提出Hill型肌肉模型是准确建模肩膀的关键参数。此外，这项研究的结果表明，希尔模型可以诱发肩部肌肉的共收缩，而无需采用逆动力学方法的附加稳定性标准。生长激素关节的平移取决于作用力和肩cap骨/锁骨节律的改变。从这六个修改中，考虑了16种不同的组合。Hill模型的参数组合改变了合成的GH关节反作用力，并导致在90°以上的肱骨外展过程中增加了作用力。在肱骨外展90°后GH关节内的肌肉活动和力量上升的前提下，我们提出Hill型肌肉模型是准确建模肩膀的关键参数。此外，这项研究的结果表明，希尔模型可以诱发肩部肌肉的共收缩，而无需采用逆动力学方法的附加稳定性标准。生长激素关节的平移取决于作用力和肩s骨/锁骨节律的改变。从这六个修改中，考虑了16种不同的组合。Hill模型的参数组合改变了合成的GH关节反作用力，并导致在90°以上的肱骨外展过程中增加了作用力。在肱骨外展90°后GH关节内的肌肉活动和力量上升的前提下，我们提出Hill型肌肉模型是准确建模肩膀的关键参数。此外，这项研究的结果表明，希尔模型可以诱发肩部肌肉的共收缩，而无需采用逆动力学方法的附加稳定性标准。