Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug among adolescents and young adults, including pregnant women. There is substantial evidence for a significant association between prenatal cannabis exposure and lower birth weight in offspring, and mixed results regarding later behavioural outcomes in the offspring. Adolescent cannabis use, especially heavy use, has been associated with altered executive function, depression, psychosis and use of other drugs later in life. Human studies have limitations due to several confounding factors and have provided scarce information about sex differences. In general, animal studies support behavioural alterations reported in humans and have revealed diverse sex differences and potential underlying mechanisms (altered mesolimbic dopaminergic and hippocampal glutamatergic systems and interference with prefrontal cortex maturation). More studies are needed that analyse sex and gender influences on cannabis-induced effects with great clinical relevance such as psychosis, cannabis use disorder and associated comorbidities, to achieve more personalized and accurate treatments.

中文翻译：

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产前和青春期大麻暴露的影响：两性的临床前和临床研究

大麻是青少年和年轻成人（包括孕妇）中最常用的非法药物。有大量证据表明产前大麻暴露与后代较低的出生体重之间存在显着关联，而后代后来的行为结果则喜忧参半。青少年吸食大麻，尤其是大量吸食大麻，与执行功能改变、抑郁、精神病和晚年使用其他药物有关。由于多种混杂因素，人体研究存在局限性，并且提供的关于性别差异的信息很少。一般来说，动物研究支持人类报告的行为改变，并揭示了不同的性别差异和潜在的潜在机制（改变中脑边缘多巴胺能和海马谷氨酸能系统以及干扰前额叶皮层成熟）。需要更多的研究来分析性别和性别对具有重大临床相关性的大麻诱导效应的影响，例如精神病、大麻使用障碍和相关的合并症，以实现更加个性化和准确的治疗。