SUMMARYWhile flagella have been studied extensively as motility organelles, with a focus on internal structures such as the axoneme, more recent research has illuminated the roles of the flagellar surface in a variety of biological processes. Parasitic protists of the order Kinetoplastida, which include trypanosomes and Leishmania species, provide a paradigm for probing the role of flagella in host-microbe interactions and illustrate that this interface between the flagellar surface and the host is of paramount importance. An increasing body of knowledge indicates that the flagellar membrane serves a multitude of functions at this interface: attachment of parasites to tissues within insect vectors, close interactions with intracellular organelles of vertebrate cells, transactions between flagella from different parasites, junctions between the flagella and the parasite cell body, emergence of nanotubes and exosomes from the parasite directed to either host or microbial targets, immune evasion, and sensing of the extracellular milieu. Recent whole-organelle or genome-wide studies have begun to identify protein components of the flagellar surface that must mediate these diverse host-parasite interactions. The increasing corpus of knowledge on kinetoplastid flagella will likely prove illuminating for other flagellated or ciliated pathogens as well.

中文翻译：

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接触表面：鞭毛膜在运动质体寄生虫中的不同作用。

总结虽然鞭毛已作为运动性细胞器进行了广泛研究，并且侧重于诸如轴突等内部结构，但最近的研究阐明了鞭毛表面在多种生物学过程中的作用。Kinetoplastida阶的寄生生物，包括锥虫和利什曼原虫，为探查鞭毛在宿主-微生物相互作用中的作用提供了范例，并说明了鞭毛表面与宿主之间的这种界面至关重要。越来越多的知识表明，鞭毛膜在该界面上具有多种功能：寄生虫附着在昆虫载体内的组织，与脊椎动物细胞的细胞内细胞器的紧密相互作用，不同寄生虫的鞭毛之间的交易，鞭毛与寄生虫细胞体之间的连接，来自寄生虫的纳米管和外泌体的出现直接针对宿主或微生物靶标，免疫逃逸以及对细胞外环境的感知。最近的全细胞器或全基因组研究已经开始鉴定鞭毛表面的蛋白质成分，这些成分必须介导这些不同的宿主-寄生虫相互作用。关于运动质体鞭毛知识的增加，也可能证明对其他鞭毛或纤毛病原体也有启发。最近的全细胞器或全基因组研究已经开始鉴定鞭毛表面的蛋白质成分，这些成分必须介导这些不同的宿主-寄生虫相互作用。关于运动质体鞭毛知识的增加，也可能证明对其他鞭毛或纤毛病原体也有启发。最近的全细胞器或全基因组研究已经开始鉴定鞭毛表面的蛋白质成分，这些成分必须介导这些不同的宿主-寄生虫相互作用。关于运动质体鞭毛知识的增加，也可能证明对其他鞭毛或纤毛病原体也有启发。