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Direct Synthesis of Amides from Amines and Carboxylic Acids under Hydrothermal Conditions
ACS Earth and Space Chemistry ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-24 , DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00009
Xuan Fu 1 , Yiju Liao 1 , Christopher R. Glein 2 , Megan Jamison 1 , Kyle Hayes 1 , Jared Zaporski 1 , Ziming Yang 1
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Hydrothermal systems provide a unique habitat for the subsurface biosphere, and possibly, for the origin of life. Amides are fundamental to hydrothermal organic geochemistry and deep subsurface biology research, in large part because of their involvement in metabolism, such as in the forms of peptides and proteins, and also because of their participation in the deep nitrogen cycle and their potential role in the origin of life. Hydrothermal chemistry of amides is also of great interest to astrobiology research because it may reveal potential formation pathways of peptides and biomolecules in the space outside Earth. Here, we describe a nonmineral-catalyzed synthetic pathway for amide synthesis under hydrothermal conditions (250 °C and 40 bar, Psat). We find that a suite of amides (12 examples) are readily synthesized through a direct condensation between amines and carboxylic acids, with an amide yield of up to 90% over a timescale of hours. Time-series hydrothermal experiments were performed to obtain apparent rate constants for amide synthesis. The observed hydrothermal rate constants were significantly larger for certain amines (e.g., 0.2 h–1 for benzylamine) than for others (e.g., 0.05 h–1 for cyclohexylamine), which suggests a strong substitution effect on amide formation. An amine acylation mechanism is proposed, and also consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, amide formation is found to be strongly inhibited in high or low pH solutions (e.g., pH <2 or >12), which further supports that the condensation reaction should occur between the neutral amine and acid. Our finding of a feasible and selective hydrothermal pathway for amide bond formation may provide new insights into understanding peptides and biomolecule synthesis in relevant hydrothermal environments.

中文翻译:

在水热条件下由胺和羧酸直接合成酰胺

热液系统为地下生物圈乃至生命的起源提供了独特的栖息地。酰胺是热液有机地球化学和深层地下生物学研究的基础,这在很大程度上是因为它们参与了新陈代谢,例如以肽和蛋白质的形式参与代谢,并且还因为它们参与了深氮循环以及它们在水中的潜在作用。生命的起源。酰胺的水热化学也引起天体生物学研究的极大兴趣,因为它可能揭示地球外部空间中肽和生物分子的潜在形成途径。在这里,我们描述了一种非矿物催化合成途径用于水热条件(250℃,40巴,在酰胺合成P饱和)。我们发现,通过胺与羧酸之间的直接缩合可以很容易地合成一组酰胺(12个实例),在数小时的时间内,酰胺的收率高达90%。进行时间序列水热实验以获得用于酰胺合成的表观速率常数。对于某些胺(例如苄胺为0.2 h –1),观察到的水热速率常数明显大于其他胺(例如0.05 h –1)(对于环己胺),表明对酰胺形成有很强的取代作用。提出了胺酰化机理,并且与先前的研究一致。此外,发现在高或低pH溶液(例如,pH <2或> 12)中强烈抑制酰胺的形成,这进一步支持在中性胺和酸之间应发生缩合反应。我们为酰胺键形成的可行和选择性的水热途径的发现可能提供新的见解,以了解相关水热环境中的肽和生物分子合成。
更新日期:2020-04-24
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