Bioelectric devices can probe fundamental biological dynamics and improve the lives of human beings. However, direct application of traditional rigid electronics onto soft tissues can cause signal transduction and biocompatibility issues. One common mitigation strategy is the use of soft–hard composites to form more biocompatible interfaces with target cells or tissues. Here, we identify several soft–hard composite designs in naturally occurring systems. We use these designs to categorize the existing bioelectric interfaces and to suggest future opportunities. We discuss the utility of soft–hard composites for a variety of interfaces, such as in vitro and in vivo electronic or optoelectronic sensing and genetic and nongenetic modulation. We end the review by proposing new soft–hard composites for future bioelectric studies.

生物电装置可以探测基本的生物动力学并改善人类的生活。然而，将传统刚性电子器件直接应用到软组织上可能会导致信号转导和生物相容性问题。一种常见的缓解策略是使用软硬复合材料与目标细胞或组织形成更具生物相容性的界面。在这里，我们确定了自然存在的系统中的几种软硬复合材料设计。我们使用这些设计对现有的生物电接口进行分类并提出未来的机会。我们讨论了软硬复合材料在各种界面中的实用性，例如体外和体内电子或光电传感以及遗传和非遗传调节。我们通过提出用于未来生物电研究的新软硬复合材料来结束审查。