Electrophoretic deposition process (EPD) was successfully used for obtaining graphene (Gr)‐reinforced composite coating based on hydroxyapatite (HAP), chitosan (CS), and antibiotic gentamicin (Gent), from aqueous suspension. The deposition process was performed as a single step process at a constant voltage (5 V, deposition time 12 min) on pure titanium foils. The influence of graphene was examined through detailed physicochemical and biological characterization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Raman, and X‐ray photoelectron analyses confirmed the formation of composite HAP/CS/Gr and HAP/CS/Gr/Gent coatings on Ti. Obtained coatings had porous, uniform, fracture‐free surfaces, suggesting strong interfacial interaction between HAP, CS, and Gr. Large specific area of graphene enabled strong bonding with chitosan, acting as nanofiller throughout the polymer matrix. Gentamicin addition strongly improved the antibacterial activity of HAP/CS/Gr/Gent coating that was confirmed by antibacterial activity kinetics in suspension and agar diffusion testing, while results indicated more pronounced antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (bactericidal, viable cells number reduction >3 logarithmic units) compared to Escherichia coli (bacteriostatic, <3 logarithmic units). MTT assay indicated low cytotoxicity (75% cell viability) against MRC‐5 and L929 (70% cell viability) tested cell lines, indicating good biocompatibility of HAP/CS/Gr/Gent coating. Therefore, electrodeposited HAP/CS/Gr/Gent coating on Ti can be considered as a prospective material for bone tissue engineering as a hard tissue implant.

中文翻译：

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抗菌石墨烯基羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖涂层与庆大霉素在骨组织工程中的潜在应用。

电泳沉积工艺 (EPD) 成功地用于从水悬浮液中获得基于羟基磷灰石 (HAP)、壳聚糖 (CS) 和抗生素庆大霉素 (Gent) 的石墨烯 (Gr) 增强复合涂层。沉积过程在纯钛箔上以恒定电压（5 V，沉积时间 12 分钟）作为单步过程进行。通过详细的物理化学和生物表征检查石墨烯的影响。傅里叶变换红外光谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜、热重分析、X 射线衍射、拉曼和 X 射线光电子分析证实了在 Ti 上形成了复合 HAP/CS/Gr 和 HAP/CS/Gr/Gent 涂层。获得的涂层具有多孔、均匀、无裂纹的表面，表明 HAP、CS 和 Gr 之间有很强的界面相互作用。石墨烯的大比表面积能够与壳聚糖牢固结合，在整个聚合物基质中充当纳米填料。庆大霉素的加入大大提高了 HAP/CS/Gr/Gent 涂层的抗菌活性，这在悬浮液和琼脂扩散试验中的抗菌活性动力学得到证实，而结果表明对 HAP/CS/Gr/Gent 涂层的抗菌作用更显着。与大肠杆菌（抑菌，< 3 对数单位）相比，金黄色葡萄球菌（杀菌，活细胞数量减少 > 3 对数单位）。MTT 测定表明对 MRC-5 和 L929（70% 细胞活力）测试的细胞系具有低细胞毒性（75% 细胞活力），表明 HAP/CS/Gr/Gent 涂层具有良好的生物相容性。因此，在 Ti 上电沉积 HAP/CS/Gr/Gent 涂层可以被认为是骨组织工程作为硬组织植入物的潜在材料。