Saccharomyces cerevisiae adapts to oxidative, osmotic stress and nutrient deprivation through transcriptional changes, decreased proliferation, and entry into other developmental pathways such as pseudohyphal formation and sporulation. Inositol pyrophosphates are necessary for these cellular responses. Inositol pyrophosphates are molecules composed of the phosphorylated myo-inositol ring that carries one or more diphosphates. Mutations in the enzymes that metabolize these molecules lead to altered patterns of stress resistance, altered morphology, and defective sporulation. Mechanisms to alter the synthesis of inositol pyrophosphates have been recently described, including inhibition of enzyme activity by oxidation and by phosphorylation. Cells with increased levels of 5-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate have increased nuclear localization of Msn2 and Gln3. The altered localization of these factors is consistent with the partially induced environmental stress response and increased expression of genes under the control of Msn2/4 and Gln3. Other transcription factors may also exhibit increased nuclear localization based on increased expression of their target genes. These transcription factors are each regulated by TORC1, suggesting that TORC1 may be inhibited by inositol pyrophosphates. Inositol pyrophosphates affect stress responses in other fungi (Aspergillus nidulans, Ustilago maydis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Cryptococcus neoformans), in human and mouse, and in plants, suggesting common mechanisms and possible novel drug development targets.

中文翻译：

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酿酒酵母中应激反应和肌醇焦磷酸之间的交集。

酿酒酵母通过转录变化，减少的增殖以及进入其他发育途径（例如假菌丝形成和孢子形成）来适应氧化，渗透胁迫和营养剥夺。肌醇焦磷酸对于这些细胞反应是必需的。肌醇焦磷酸酯是由带有一个或多个二磷酸酯的磷酸化肌醇环组成的分子。代谢这些分子的酶中的突变会导致抗逆性模式的改变，形态的改变以及孢子形成的缺陷。最近已经描述了改变肌醇焦磷酸酯的合成的机制，包括通过氧化和通过磷酸化抑制酶活性。5-二磷酸肌醇五磷酸酯水平升高的细胞具有增加的Msn2和Gln3核定位。这些因素改变的定位与部分诱导的环境胁迫反应和在Msn2 / 4和Gln3的控制下基因表达的增加相一致。其他转录因子也可能基于其靶基因表达的增加而展现出增加的核定位。这些转录因子均受TORC1调控，提示TORC1可能受到肌醇焦磷酸盐的抑制。肌醇焦磷酸盐影响人和小鼠以及植物中其他真菌（构巢曲霉（Aspergillus nidulans），乌斯梯亚哥（Ustilago maydis），裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomyces pombe）和新隐隐球菌（Cryptococcus neoformans））的应激反应，提示共同的机制和可能的新药物开发目标。这些因素改变的定位与部分诱导的环境胁迫反应和在Msn2 / 4和Gln3的控制下基因表达的增加相一致。其他转录因子也可能基于其靶基因表达的增加而展现出增加的核定位。这些转录因子均受TORC1调控，提示TORC1可能受到肌醇焦磷酸盐的抑制。肌醇焦磷酸盐影响人和小鼠以及植物中其他真菌（构巢曲霉（Aspergillus nidulans），乌斯梯亚哥（Ustilago maydis），裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomyces pombe）和新隐隐球菌（Cryptococcus neoformans））的应激反应，提示共同的机制和可能的新药物开发目标。这些因素改变的定位与部分诱导的环境胁迫反应和在Msn2 / 4和Gln3的控制下基因表达的增加相一致。其他转录因子也可能基于其靶基因表达的增加而展现出增加的核定位。这些转录因子均受TORC1调控，提示TORC1可能受到肌醇焦磷酸盐的抑制。肌醇焦磷酸盐影响人和小鼠以及植物中其他真菌（构巢曲霉（Aspergillus nidulans），乌斯梯亚哥（Ustilago maydis），裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomyces pombe）和新隐隐球菌（Cryptococcus neoformans））的应激反应，提示共同的机制和可能的新药物开发目标。