HIV co-infection is the most critical risk factor for the reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI). While CD4⁺ T cell depletion has been considered the major cause of HIV-induced reactivation of LTBI, recent work in macaques co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) suggests that cytopathic effects of SIV resulting in chronic immune activation and dysregulation of T cell homeostasis correlate with reactivation of LTBI. This review builds on compelling data that the reactivation of LTBI during HIV co-infection is likely to be driven by the events of HIV replication and therefore highlights the need to have optimum translational interventions directed at reactivation due to co-infection.

HIV 合并感染是潜伏性结核病 (TB) 感染 (LTBI) 重新激活的最关键危险因素。虽然 CD4 ⁺ T 细胞耗竭被认为是 HIV 诱导的 LTBI 重新激活的主要原因，但最近在结核分枝杆菌( Mtb )/猿猴免疫缺陷病毒 (SIV) 共同感染的猕猴中进行的研究表明，SIV 的细胞病变效应导致慢性免疫缺陷。 T 细胞稳态的激活和失调与 LTBI 的重新激活相关。本综述基于令人信服的数据，即 HIV 合并感染期间 LTBI 的重新激活可能是由 HIV 复制事件驱动的，因此强调需要针对合并感染引起的重新激活采取最佳转化干预措施。