Fungal lung disease in the paediatric population occurs with distinct features in the immunocompetent, in immunocompromised patients and in people with cystic fibrosis. Pulmonary mycoses are the least prevalent in immunocompetent children, with the most common diseases being the endemic mycoses and Aspergillomas. Filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus and Scedosporium have been isolated with increased frequency in recent years from the respiratory secretions of individuals with cystic fibrosis. Undoubtedly, fungal respiratory infections are encountered with increased frequency and severity in patients with impaired immune systems, such as patients with malignancies, solid organ or bone marrow transplants and immunodeficiencies [1].

儿科人群中的真菌性肺病在免疫功能正常的患者、免疫功能低下的患者和囊性纤维化患者中具有明显的特征。肺真菌病在免疫功能正常的儿童中发病率最低，最常见的疾病是地方性真菌病和曲霉病。近年来，从囊性纤维化患者的呼吸道分泌物中分离出丝状真菌（例如曲霉属和赛多孢菌属）的频率越来越高。毫无疑问，在免疫系统受损的患者中，例如患有恶性肿瘤、实体器官或骨髓移植和免疫缺陷的患者，真菌呼吸道感染的发生频率和严重程度会增加[1]。