Abstract The effects of climate change and associated increases in temperature on organisms are a major focus of scientific research, but how these impacts play out within ecological contexts is complex and hence often ignored. For example, the influence of predation risk (nonconsumptive effects, NCEs) can alter behavior, creating scenarios where individual physiological responses depend on the interaction between abiotic conditions, such as temperature, and the presence of risk in the environment. Yet a mechanistic understanding of how the interplay among abiotic and biotic stressors, especially NCEs, shapes the short-term physiological performance of intertidal organisms remains limited. From both physiological and biochemical perspectives, we explored the short-term interaction between temperature, feeding history, and predation risk from a predatory snail (Nucella lapillus) on the intertidal mussel (Mytilus edulis). We measured heart rate, key aerobic (citrate synthase) and anaerobic (cytosolic malate dehydrogenase) metabolic enzymes, and total antioxidant capacity to elucidate metabolic strategies utilized by mussels in short-term, multi-stressor events. After 60 min of continuous exposure to increased temperature and predation risk, heart rate and aerobic capacity were primarily impacted by temperature, whereas total cytosolic malate dehydrogenase activity displayed an antagonistic relationship in response to the combined effects of feeding history and predation risk. In contrast, total antioxidant capacity displayed a three-way interaction among all treatments (feeding history, temperature and predation risk), driven by opposing thermal responses between fed and starved mussels in the absence of risk. Our results suggest that although mussels are fairly tolerant of acute stress events, the interaction of feeding history and predation risk may prevent them from launching a coordinated stress response when thermal stress is high.

中文翻译：

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青口贻贝对急性环境应激和捕食风险的生理生化反应

摘要 气候变化和相关温度升高对生物体的影响是科学研究的主要焦点，但这些影响如何在生态环境中发挥作用是复杂的，因此经常被忽视。例如，捕食风险（非消耗性效应，NCEs）的影响可以改变行为，创造个体生理反应取决于非生物条件（如温度）与环境中存在风险之间的相互作用的情景。然而，对非生物和生物压力源（尤其是 NCE）之间的相互作用如何影响潮间带生物的短期生理表现的机制理解仍然有限。我们从生理和生化的角度探讨了温度、摄食史、捕食性蜗牛（Nucella lapillus）对潮间带贻贝（Mytilus edulis）的捕食风险。我们测量了心率、关键的有氧（柠檬酸合酶）和无氧（胞质苹果酸脱氢酶）代谢酶以及总抗氧化能力，以阐明贻贝在短期多应激事件中利用的代谢策略。持续暴露于升高的温度和捕食风险 60 分钟后，心率和有氧能力主要受温度影响，而总细胞溶质苹果酸脱氢酶活性显示出拮抗关系，以响应摄食史和捕食风险的综合影响。相比之下，总抗氧化能力在所有处理（摄食历史、温度和捕食风险）之间显示出三向相互作用，在没有风险的情况下，受进食和饥饿的贻贝之间相反的热反应驱动。我们的研究结果表明，虽然贻贝对急性应激事件具有相当的耐受性，但摄食历史和捕食风险的相互作用可能会阻止它们在热应激高时发起协调的应激反应。