BACKGROUND Although there is a broad knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding among women in Tanzania, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) remained lower than 50% for about 50 years since her independence in 1961. Previous research has mainly focused on either individual or household determinants of breastfeeding patterns. This study takes a holistic approach and examines the extent to which combined individual, household, and community factors matter in explaining exclusive breastfeeding patterns in Tanzania. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was carried out using a nationally representative sample from the 2015/16 Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey. The dependent variable was exclusive breastfeeding, defined as the proportion of infants below 6 months of age who were exclusively breastfed in the last 24 h. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding. RESULTS In general, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 59%. Delivery in the short rainy season (95% Confidence Interval [CI] Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 1.21, 2.65) was associated with higher odds of practicing exclusive breastfeeding. On the one hand, mothers aged between 15 and 19 years of age (95% CI AOR 0.36, 0.93), the average size of infants at birth (95% CI AOR 0.38, 0.80), whether postnatal check-up was attended by a doctor (95% C AOR 0.06, 0.46), and the infant's age above 2 months (95% CI AOR 0.23, 0.53) were associated with lower odds of practicing exclusive breastfeeding. There was weak evidence (95% CI AOR 0.48, 1.05) that living in an urban area was associated with a reduced practice of exclusive breastfeeding. CONCLUSION Breastfeeding rates are lower among young mothers, mothers whose husbands/partners decide on childcare, and mothers whose postnatal check-ups were conducted by doctors. Thus, breastfeeding programs and interventions need to focus more on young mothers, husbands/partners, and on training female nurses and midwives to increase the EBF rates. Women who tend to practice exclusive breastfeeding most often live in rural areas. There is an urgent need to understand why exclusive breastfeeding rates among urban women are lower.

中文翻译：

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坦桑尼亚的纯母乳喂养模式：个人、家庭或社区因素重要吗？


背景 尽管坦桑尼亚妇女对纯母乳喂养有了广泛的了解，但自 1961 年独立以来，纯母乳喂养 (EBF) 率在大约 50 年内一直低于 50%。以前的研究主要集中在母乳喂养模式的个人或家庭决定因素上。这项研究采用整体方法，探讨了个人、家庭和社区因素在解释坦桑尼亚纯母乳喂养模式时的综合影响程度。方法 使用 2015/2016 坦桑尼亚人口和健康调查的全国代表性样本进行横断面分析。因变量是纯母乳喂养，定义为过去 24 小时内纯母乳喂养的 6 个月以下婴儿的比例。进行单变量和多变量逻辑回归分析以确定与纯母乳喂养相关的因素。结果 总体而言，纯母乳喂养率为59%。短雨季分娩（95% 置信区间 [CI] 调整优势比 [AOR] 1.21, 2.65）与实行纯母乳喂养的较高几率相关。一方面，母亲年龄在 15 至 19 岁之间（95% CI AOR 0.36, 0.93）、婴儿出生时的平均体型（95% CI AOR 0.38, 0.80）、是否有产后检查医生的指导（95% CAOR 0.06, 0.46）和婴儿年龄超过 2 个月（95% CI AOR 0.23, 0.53）与实行纯母乳喂养的几率较低相关。有微弱的证据（95% CI AOR 0.48, 1.05）表明，居住在城市地区与纯母乳喂养的减少有关。 结论 年轻母亲、由丈夫/伴侣决定育儿的母亲以及由医生进行产后检查的母亲的母乳喂养率较低。因此，母乳喂养计划和干预措施需要更多地关注年轻母亲、丈夫/伴侣，并培训女护士和助产士以提高母乳喂养率。倾向于纯母乳喂养的妇女通常生活在农村地区。迫切需要了解城市女性纯母乳喂养率较低的原因。