Preoperative marking or tattooing is a clinical procedure conducted during laparoscopic surgeries in which gastrointestinal lesions are identified by injecting India ink. However, diffusion of the carbon particles from the ink leads to its spreading in the surrounding tissues, resulting in unnecessarily extensive tissue resectioning. In this study, we determined whether this diffusion could be prevented using a sodium alginate (Alg-Na) hydrogel. We observed that the use of a 1.75% Alg-Na solution could significantly prevent the diffusion of carbon particles into the tissues of mice after subcutaneously injecting them with India ink. Similar results were observed in resected porcine large intestines. A good correlation between the concentration of Alg-Na and tattooed area was observed, in which an increase in its concentration led to an increase in its viscosity and injection pressure. To examine the effect of the molecular weight of Alg-Na on the tattooing area, a solution of 2% Alg-Na was irradiated with an electron beam at varying electron doses. Since irradiation could reduce the molecular weight, viscosity, and injection pressure of Alg-Na, a good correlation between these parameters and the tattooed area was observed. We concluded that an adequately viscous Alg-Na hydrogel could be used for clear preoperative marking. Preoperative marking or tattooing is performed in clinical situations using an India ink to identify gastrointestinal lesions. However, diffusion of the carbon particles from the ink results in unclear marking. We observed that subcutaneously injected sodium alginate solutions formed a gel and prevented the diffusion of carbon particles into the tissues of mice. Similar results were observed in resected porcine large intestines. The tattooed area was well correlated with the molecular weight and viscosity of sodium alginate, indicating that an adequately viscous sodium alginate hydrogel is useful for clear marking.

中文翻译：

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海藻酸钠水凝胶在印墨术前内镜清晰标记中的应用

术前标记或纹身是在腹腔镜手术期间进行的临床程序，其中通过注射印度墨水来识别胃肠道病变。然而，碳颗粒从墨水中的扩散导致其在周围组织中扩散，导致不必要的广泛组织切除。在这项研究中，我们确定是否可以使用海藻酸钠 (Alg-Na) 水凝胶阻止这种扩散。我们观察到，使用 1.75% 的 Alg-Na 溶液可以显着阻止碳颗粒在向小鼠皮下注射墨汁后扩散到组织中。在切除的猪大肠中观察到类似的结果。观察到 Alg-Na 浓度与纹身面积之间存在良好的相关性，其中浓度的增加导致其粘度和注射压力的增加。为了检查 Alg-Na 的分子量对纹身区域的影响，用不同电子剂量的电子束照射 2% Alg-Na 溶液。由于辐照可以降低 Alg-Na 的分子量、粘度和注射压力，因此观察到这些参数与纹身面积之间存在良好的相关性。我们得出结论，足够粘稠的 Alg-Na 水凝胶可用于清晰的术前标记。在临床情况下使用印度墨水进行术前标记或纹身以识别胃肠道病变。然而，碳颗粒从墨中扩散会导致标记不清晰。我们观察到皮下注射海藻酸钠溶液形成凝胶并阻止碳颗粒扩散到小鼠组织中。在切除的猪大肠中观察到类似的结果。纹身面积与海藻酸钠的分子量和粘度密切相关，表明足够粘性的海藻酸钠水凝胶可用于清晰的标记。