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New virus isolates from Italian hydrothermal environments underscore the biogeographic pattern in archaeal virus communities.
The ISME Journal ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-22 , DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0653-z
Diana P Baquero 1, 2 , Patrizia Contursi 3 , Monica Piochi 4 , Simonetta Bartolucci 3 , Ying Liu 1 , Virginija Cvirkaite-Krupovic 1 , David Prangishvili 1, 5 , Mart Krupovic 1
Affiliation  

Viruses of hyperthermophilic archaea represent one of the least understood parts of the virosphere, showing little genomic and morphological similarity to viruses of bacteria or eukaryotes. Here, we investigated virus diversity in the active sulfurous fields of the Campi Flegrei volcano in Pozzuoli, Italy. Virus-like particles displaying eight different morphotypes, including lemon-shaped, droplet-shaped and bottle-shaped virions, were observed and five new archaeal viruses proposed to belong to families Rudiviridae, Globuloviridae and Tristromaviridae were isolated and characterized. Two of these viruses infect neutrophilic hyperthermophiles of the genus Pyrobaculum, whereas the remaining three have rod-shaped virions typical of the family Rudiviridae and infect acidophilic hyperthermophiles belonging to three different genera of the order Sulfolobales, namely, Saccharolobus, Acidianus, and Metallosphaera. Notably, Metallosphaera rod-shaped virus 1 is the first rudivirus isolated on Metallosphaera species. Phylogenomic analysis of the newly isolated and previously sequenced rudiviruses revealed a clear biogeographic pattern, with all Italian rudiviruses forming a monophyletic clade, suggesting geographical structuring of virus communities in extreme geothermal environments. Analysis of the CRISPR spacers suggests that isolated rudiviruses have experienced recent host switching across the genus boundary, potentially to escape the targeting by CRISPR-Cas immunity systems. Finally, we propose a revised classification of the Rudiviridae family, with the establishment of six new genera. Collectively, our results further show that high-temperature continental hydrothermal systems harbor a highly diverse virome and shed light on the evolution of archaeal viruses.

中文翻译:

从意大利热液环境中分离出的新病毒强调了古细菌社区的生物地理格局。

嗜热古细菌的病毒代表病毒圈最不了解的部分之一,与细菌或真核生物的病毒几乎没有基因组和形态相似性。在这里,我们调查了意大利波佐利(Campo Flegrei)坎皮弗莱格里火山(Campi Flegrei)活跃的含硫田野中病毒的多样性。观察到病毒样颗粒表现出八种不同的形态,包括柠檬形,液滴形和瓶形病毒体,并分离并鉴定了五种新的古细菌,这些新的古细菌属于Rudiviridae,globuloviridae和Tristromaviridae家族。其中两种病毒感染了嗜热菌属的嗜中性嗜热菌,而其余三个则具有金龟科典型的杆状病毒体,并感染嗜盐嗜热菌,它们属于嗜盐菌属的三个不同属,即Saccharolobus,Acidianus和Metallosphaera。值得注意的是,金属丝杆状病毒1是在金属丝杆菌属物种上分离的第一种rudivirus。对新近分离的和先前测序的rudiviruses的系统生物学分析显示了清晰的生物地理模式,所有意大利rudiviruses形成了单系进化枝,表明在极端地热环境中病毒群落的地理结构。对CRISPR间隔子的分析表明,分离出的Rudivirus病毒最近经历了跨属边界的宿主切换,可能逃脱了CRISPR-Cas免疫系统的靶向作用。最后,我们提出了修订的金眼梅科的分类,并建立了六个新属。总的来说,我们的结果进一步表明,高温大陆热液系统具有高度多样化的病毒,并为古细菌的进化提供了启示。
更新日期:2020-04-24
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