1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Quercus rubra L. (Red Oak, Northern Red Oak; syn. Q. borealis, Q. maxima) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution; habitat; communities; responses to biotic factors; responses to environment; structure and physiology; phenology; floral and seed characters; herbivores and disease; history; and conservation.
2. Quercus rubra is a large deciduous tree native to eastern North America. In its native range this species is one of the most important mid‐successional tree species. Since the 18th century Q. rubra has been introduced into forest management in Europe and elsewhere. Currently, Q. rubra is a naturalized species in 23 countries. It is an important source of wood, and this was one of the most important reasons for its introduction in forests. In forest management this species is valued for its high growth rate and drought resistance. Red Oak is also widely cultivated in Europe for its ornamental value—red leaves in autumn and smooth, grey bark.
3. Red Oak is a threat to native species within its introduced range as it can alter environmental conditions beneath its canopy, especially by decreasing light availability and litter decomposition rate. Such conditions also contribute to biotic homogenization of the understorey vegetation. Q. rubra is widely dispersed by small mammals and birds, up to 1,500 m from seed sources, thereby increasing its potential invasiveness.
4. In Europe Q. rubra seems to be less prone to herbivores and fungi, in contrast to its native range, where it is grazed by ungulates and insects, and infected by Phytophthora and oak wilt. Due to its higher tolerance to drought than native European oaks, Q. rubra is claimed to be one of the species replacing native trees which are decreasing due to climate warming. However, consideration of all possible consequences is needed in wide‐scale introduction of alien species, such as Q. rubra, due to negative impacts on native ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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英伦三岛的生物区系：栎树

1. 该帐户介绍了与栎生态学有关的所有生物学方面的信息（红橡，北红橡；Syn。Q.borali s，Q。maxima），与了解其生态特征和行为有关。主要主题在不列颠群岛生物区系的标准框架内进行介绍：分布；栖息地; 社区；对生物因子的反应；对环境的反应；结构与生理；物候学 花和种子字符；食草动物和疾病；历史; 和保护。
2. 栎栎是原产于北美东部的大型落叶乔木。在其本地范围内，该树种是最重要的中成功树种之一。自18世纪以来，欧洲风铃草已被引入欧洲和其他地区的森林管理中。目前，Q。rubra是23个国家的归化物种。它是木材的重要来源，这是将其引入森林的最重要原因之一。在森林管理中，该树种因其高生长速率和抗旱性而受到重视。在欧洲，红橡还因其具有观赏价值而被广泛种植-秋天的红叶和光滑的灰色树皮。
3. 赤栎在其引​​入的范围内对本地物种构成了威胁，因为它可以改变树冠下的环境条件，特别是通过减少光的利用率和凋落物的分解速率。这样的条件也有助于底层植被的生物均质化。红麻（Q. rubra）被小型哺乳动物和鸟类广泛散布，距离种子源最远1,500 m，从而增加了其潜在的入侵能力。
4. 在欧洲，与其产地有蹄类动物和昆虫吃草，并受到疫霉属和橡树枯萎病侵染的原生种相比，欧洲象草似乎不易食草动物和真菌。由于比欧洲天然橡树对干旱的耐受性更高，因此Q. rubra被认为是替代因气候变暖而减少的本地树木的树种之一。但是，由于对原生生态系统的负面影响，在大规模引进外来物种（如Q. rubra）时需要考虑所有可能的后果。