Environmental chemical and physical cues dynamically interact with migrating neurons and sprouting axons, and in particular, the gradients of environmental cues are regarded as one of the factors intimately involved in the neuronal movement. Since a growth cone was first described by Cajal, more than one century ago, chemical gradients have been suggested as one of the mechanisms by which the neurons determine proper paths and destinations. However, the gradients of physical cues, such as stiffness and topography, which also interact constantly with the neurons and their axons as a component of the extracellular environments, have rarely been noted regarding the guidance of neurons, despite their gradually increasingly reported influences in the case of nonneuronal‐cell migration. In this review, we discuss chemical (i.e., chemo‐ and hapto‐) and physical (i.e., duro‐) taxis phenomena on the movement of neurons including axonal elongation. In addition, we suggest topotaxis, the most recently proposed physical‐taxis phenomenon, as another potential mechanism in the neuronal movement, based on the reports of neuronal recognition of and responses to nanotopography.

中文翻译：

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Neuro-taxis：化学和物理环境梯度中的神经元运动

环境化学和物理线索与迁移的神经元和发芽的轴突动态相互作用，特别是环境线索的梯度被认为是与神经元运动密切相关的因素之一。自从一个多世纪前 Cajal 首次描述了生长锥以来，化学梯度被认为是神经元确定正确路径和目的地的机制之一。然而，物理线索的梯度，如刚度和地形，它们也不断地与神经元及其轴突相互作用，作为细胞外环境的一个组成部分，很少注意到关于神经元的指导，尽管它们在神经元中的影响逐渐增加。非神经元细胞迁移的情况。在这篇综述中，我们讨论化学（即，化学-和触觉-）和物理（即，duro-）对神经元运动的滑行现象，包括轴突伸长。此外，基于神经元对纳米拓扑结构的识别和响应的报告，我们建议最近提出的物理趋向性现象作为神经元运动的另一种潜在机制。