Several centers of endemism have been proposed for Melastomataceae, particularly in Amazonia and Atlantic Forest. Despite the high degree of human-caused degradation in the last 500 years, the Atlantic Forest still presents some of the largest levels of diversity and endemism across all angiosperms. With several recently described species in the last decade, the knowledge on Bertolonia's distribution and morphological characterization has changed, with most new species found in northern Atlantic Forest and with different flower color patterns than the species from southern Atlantic Forest. We first tested the monophyly of the genus sampling over 85% of its species to generate a reliable phylogenetic hypothesis. Afterwards, we used Bertolonia as a model group to study distribution patterns and morphological evolution of lineages in the Atlantic Forest. Bertolonia is particularly interesting to address such questions because it is endemic to this domain, with species distributed either in the southern, central or northern portions of the Atlantic Forest. The second step of our work aimed to respond (1) Do closely related species endemic to Atlantic Forest tend to have similar distributions and share similar morphological traits? and (2) Are floral traits more conserved within clades than vegetative characters? We hypothesize that both (1) and (2) are true due to the low dispersal ability and consequent microendemic distribution of most species in the genus. Our results confirm the veracity of the proposed hypotheses. Three major groups were recovered in our analysis: marmorata, formosa and nymphaeifolia clades. Most species that occur in northern Atlantic Forest were recovered in the marmorata clade. Most species distributed in central Atlantic Forest were recovered in the formosa clade, and the ones from the southern Atlantic Forest in the nymphaeifolia clade. A similar pattern was recovered with reproductive characters reconstructed across the phylogeny. Generally, species with pink petals and cream-colored anthers with an extrorse pore occur in northern Atlantic Forest, and species with white petals and yellow anthers with an introrse or apical pore tend to occur in southern Atlantic Forest. Some vegetative characters also have evolutionary congruence and are restricted to one or few lineages, while other characters, such as the texture of the leaf blades surface have a strong taxonomic value, being useful to identify species, but are not homologous. Our analysis also indicates that the division of southern and northern Atlantic Forest could also be related to ancient events, not only linked with recent phylogeographic patterns. Moreover, we suggest that the orientation of the anther's pore in Bertolonia could be related with diversity of species and stability of its populations. In summary, we corroborate, based on the evolutionary history of Bertolonia, that closely related species endemic to Atlantic Forest tend to have similar distributions and share similar morphological floral traits.

中文翻译：

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花的形态与Bertolonia（Melastomataceae）（一种大西洋森林特有的草本属）的分布和系统发育相关。

已经提出了针对美拉丝科的几个地方性中心，特别是在亚马逊地区和大西洋森林。尽管在过去500年中，人为造成的退化程度很高，但大西洋森林在所有被子植物中仍然呈现出最大程度的多样性和特有性。在过去的十年中，随着最近描述的几种物种的变化，对柏油菌的分布和形态特征的了解已经发生了变化，大多数新物种都出现在北大西洋森林中，并且与南大西洋森林中的物种具有不同的花色图案。我们首先测试了该属中超过85％的物种的单亲性，以生成可靠的系统发育假说。之后，我们以Bertolonia为模型组，研究了大西洋森林中血统的分布模式和形态演变。贝托洛尼亚对于解决这些问题特别有趣，因为它是该领域的特有物种，分布在大西洋森林的南部，中部或北部。我们工作的第二步旨在应对（1）大西洋森林中特有的密切相关物种是否倾向于具有相似的分布并具有相似的形态特征？（2）进化枝中的花性状比植物性状更保守吗？我们假设（1）和（2）都是正确的，这归因于该物种中大多数物种的低扩散能力和随之而来的微地方病分布。我们的结果证实了所提出假设的准确性。在我们的分析中发现了三个主要类别：沙蚕，福摩萨和夜蛾枝。发生在大西洋北部森林中的大多数物种都是在mormorata进化枝中发现的。分布在大西洋中部森林的大多数物种都在福尔摩萨进化枝中被发现，而从南部大西洋森林的夜蛾叶中则被发现。恢复了相似的模式，并在整个系统发育中重建了生殖特征。通常，在大西洋北部的森林中出现具有粉红色花瓣和米色花药且具有外向孔的物种，在大西洋南部的森林中倾向于具有白色的花瓣和黄色花药而具有内向或顶部的孔。一些植物性状也具有进化一致性，并且仅限于一种或几种谱系，而其他一些性状（例如叶片表面的纹理）具有很强的分类学价值，可用于识别物种，但不是同源的。我们的分析还表明，南部和北部大西洋森林的划分也可能与古代事件有关，不仅与最近的植物地理学模式有关。此外，我们认为，Bertolonia中花药孔的方向可能与物种的多样性及其种群的稳定性有关。综上所述，根据贝托洛尼亚州的进化历史，我们证实，大西洋森林特有的密切相关物种倾向于具有相似的分布，并具有相似的形态花卉特征。我们认为，Bertolonia的花药孔的方向可能与物种的多样性及其种群的稳定性有关。综上所述，根据贝托洛尼亚州的进化历史，我们证实，大西洋森林特有的密切相关物种倾向于具有相似的分布并具有相似的形态花卉特征。我们认为，Bertolonia的花药孔的方向可能与物种的多样性及其种群的稳定性有关。综上所述，根据贝托洛尼亚州的进化历史，我们证实，大西洋森林特有的密切相关物种倾向于具有相似的分布并具有相似的形态花卉特征。