Externalizing and internalizing behavior problems can have deleterious psychosocial consequences for youth. Both sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity and reactivity may contribute to behavior problems but have largely been studied separately, with inconsistent findings. Because the SNS and HPA axis interact to carry out physiological processes (e.g., responding to stressors), considering SNS and HPA axis activity jointly may elucidate disparate findings. This review discusses studies that simultaneously assessed SNS and HPA axis (re)activity and youth behavior problems using measures of salivary alpha amylase (sAA) and salivary cortisol. Multiple patterns of SNS and HPA axis coordination were associated with problem behaviors, especially when considering individual differences and youth's psychosocial context. Importantly, many study findings may be artifacts of widespread methodological differences. The reviewed studies lay the foundation for future research on neuroendocrine coordination as a contributing factor to youth problem behaviors and some recommendations for future research are discussed.

中文翻译：

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神经内分泌协调和青年行为问题：使用唾液α淀粉酶和唾液皮质醇评估交感神经系统和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴活动的研究综述。

行为问题的外在化和内在化会对青少年产生有害的社会心理后果。交感神经系统（SNS）和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴活动性和反应性均可能导致行为问题，但已分别进行了大量研究，结果不一致。因为SNS和HPA轴相互作用以执行生理过程（例如，对压力源做出反应），所以一起考虑SNS和HPA轴的活动可以阐明不同的发现。这篇综述讨论了使用唾液α淀粉酶（sAA）和唾液皮质醇的方法同时评估SNS和HPA轴（再）活动性和青少年行为问题的研究。SNS和HPA轴协调的多种模式与问题行为相关，尤其是在考虑个体差异和青年 的社会心理环境。重要的是，许多研究发现可能是广泛的方法学差异的产物。审查的研究奠定了神经内分泌协调作为影响青少年问题行为的因素的未来研究的基础，并讨论了一些对未来研究的建议。