A major challenge today and in the future is to maintain or enhance the beneficial contributions of landscapes to the quality of life of people. Neglecting cultural ecosystem services (CES) in landscape planning can lead to loss of unique cultural landscapes and undermine the well-being of local communities. Despite a rapidly increasing body of literature on CES, little is known about the relationship between socio-cultural values and the non-material benefits of landscapes. To help fill this gap, we assessed the perceptions of people from different ethnic groups about the cultural ecosystem services of local landscapes. We took the Genheyuan National Wetland Park and the adjacent forest areas, a typical mountain forest-wetland ecosystem, as our case area. By combining surveys (250 semi-structured interviews and 26 local stakeholders in Focus Group Discussion) with structural equation modelling (SEM), we gained insights into the importance of landscapes to CES provision from the perspective of stakeholder diversity. Surprisingly, wetlands are perceived as playing more important roles than other landscape types in providing diverse CES, with a 1.25 times higher CES Diversity Index (CDI) than that of forests. Among all demographic factors, ethnicity is most significant in determining people’s perceptions, reflecting the spiritual cognition, manners, and customs of the ethnic groups. The perceptions of CES provided by landscapes are likely to increase if landscape characteristics are attached more to functions in order to meet fundamental human needs.

今天和将来的主要挑战是保持或增强景观对人们生活质量的有益贡献。在景观规划中忽视文化生态系统服务（CES）可能会导致独特文化景观的丧失，并损害当地社区的福祉。尽管有关CES的文献数量迅速增加，但对于社会文化价值与景观非物质利益之间的关系知之甚少。为了填补这一空白，我们评估了不同种族的人们对当地景观文化生态系统服务的看法。我们以根河源国家湿地公园和附近的森林地区（典型的山区森林湿地生态系统）为例。通过将调查（250个半结构化访谈和焦点小组讨论中的26个本地利益相关者）与结构方程模型（SEM）相结合，我们从利益相关者的多样性角度了解了景观对CES提供的重要性。令人惊讶的是，人们认为湿地在提供多样化的CES方面比其他景观类型扮演着更重要的角色，其CES多样性指数（CDI）比森林要高1.25倍。在所有人口统计因素中，种族是决定人们观念的最重要因素，反映了族群的精神认知，举止和风俗。如果将景观特征更多地附加到功能上以满足人类的基本需求，则景观对CES的理解可能会增加。