All meals come to an end. This is because eating and drinking generate feedback signals that communicate to the brain what and how much has been consumed. Here we review our current understanding of how these feedback signals regulate appetite. We first describe classic studies that surgically manipulated the gastrointestinal tract and measured the effects on behavior. We then highlight recent experiments that have used in vivo neural recordings to directly observe how ingestion modulates circuit dynamics in the brain. A general theme emerging from this work is that eating and drinking generate layers of feedback signals, arising sequentially from different tissues in the body, that converge on individual neurons in the forebrain to regulate hunger and thirst.

中文翻译：

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调节食欲的信号层。

所有的饭菜都结束了。这是因为饮食会产生反馈信号，这些信号会向大脑传达已经消耗了什么以及消耗了多少。在这里，我们回顾了我们目前对这些反馈信号如何调节食欲的理解。我们首先描述通过外科手术操纵胃肠道并测量对行为的影响的经典研究。然后，我们重点介绍最近使用体内神经记录直接观察摄入如何调节大脑中的电路动力学的实验。这项工作出现的一个普遍主题是，进食和饮水会产生多层反馈信号，这些信号依次从身体的不同组织中产生，汇聚在前脑中的单个神经元上以调节饥饿和口渴。